Chapter 7 CJ101

5 purposes of policing***

1. Enforce the law

2. Investigate crimes and apprehend suspects

3. Prevent crime

4. keep the peace

5. Provide the community with enforcement-related services.

How many percentages of calls to the police require law enforcement response?***

10%-20%

Law enforcement priorities are affected by

1. Community needs

2. Individual/ Police discretion

Why can't officers enforce all laws?

Resources are limited

Police are expected to ___________ the laws they enforce

Support/ Follow

Offenders may be apprehended:

1. While committing the crime

2. Shortly after committing a crime

3.After an extensive investigation

Crime Prevention***

The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it.

What is the backbone of policing?***

patrol

Crime Prevention aims to:

1. Reduce crime and criminal opportunities

2. Lower Reward of crime

3. Lessen fear of crime

reactive***

reacting to a problem after it arises

proactive***

preventing a crime from happening

Law enforcement's ability to prevent crimes relies in part of their ability to predict crimes which they do by:

Determining where the crimes will occur, allocating resources accordingly, crime mapping with CompStat

CompStat***

A crime-analysis and police-management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s.

quality-of-life offense***

a minor violation of the law (sometimes called a petty crime ) that demoralizes community residents and businness people . Create physical disorder that reflects societal decay

how many percent of calls are directed to the police

70%

What types of calls do police handle?

Both emergency and non-emergency crimes

5 core operational strategies

1. preventative patrol

2. routine incident response

3. emergency response

4. criminal investigation

5. problem solving

Support services

also called "ancillary" services that keep agencies running

Preventive Patrol

dominant police strategy which places uniformed officers among the public. consumes most resources

Emergency response

Needed for crimes in progress, serious injuries, natural disasters, and other situations where lives are in jeopardy

criminal investigation

Dominate media attention but only consitute a SMALL PROPORTION*** of police work

First responding officers do:

1. Provide assistance to injured and capture suspects

2. Secure the scene

3. Conduct Preliminary Investigation

ADAPT***

A- Assess the crime scene, determine the name of the crime and assist the injured

D- Detain Witnesses

A- Arrest Perpetrator (If possible)

P- Protect the crime scene, destruction or additional evidence

T- Take notes

Police Management***

The administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities.

4 eras of policing***

1. political era (1840-1930)

2. reform era (1930-1970)

3. community policing era (1970s-today)

4. new era (2001-today)

Political Era***

1840-1930: Closes its ties between policing and politicians. Police tended to maintain order, serve interest of powerful politicians

Reform Era***

(1930-1970) Prides in professional crime-fighting led by August Vollmer. Most resources focused on "traditional crimes"

Community Policing***

(1970s-today) Stresses police service roles and a partnership between police and communities. (quality of life offenses) common in today's policing

New Era***

(2001-today) Builds on relationship with community to gather actionable intelligence to fight terrorism after 9/11. Agencies share information joint efforts.

3 styles of policing***

Watchmen, Legalistic, Service

Watchmen***

Maintain order with informal investigations, controlling illegal and disruptive behavior, "Roughing up" disruptive people, considereable use of discretion

Legalistic***

Police committed to enforcing the "letter of the law" Police have a "Laissez faire" or "Hands off" approach on non illegal behaviors

Service***

Meet community needs, helping rather than just enforcing. Most popular in America

Community Policing

police must work with community to fulfill the needs. work with citizens to help solve problems

Police Subculture

A particular set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior characteristic of American police. Socialization into the police subculture begins with recruit training and continues thereafter.

Terrorism Impact on Policing

9/11/2001 changed the role of police departments. The core mission hasn't changed but there are more resourced devoted to preparing for potential terrorist attacks

boundaryless policing

Sharing information across jurisdictions is crucial to effective antiterrorism plans and creating a fully integrated criminal justice information system

Fusion Centers

pool and analyze information from law enforcement agencies at all levels looking for patterns and actionable intelligence

how many fusions centers are there?

70 fusion centers in 37 states

Factors that influence discretion:

Officers background (and personal values)

Suspects characteristics, priors, attitude,

Department Policy

Accreditation

Improve law enforcement service by creating a national body of standards, is a step toward greater professionalism

Ethnic and Gender Diversity in policing 

Opportunities for women and minorities in polcing are expanding  have felt integrated well into the role of a police officer, they feel strain and isolation