Chemistry
Solution equilibrium
when dissolving and crystallization take place simultaneously at the same rate
Miscible
two liquids mix with one another (like water and acetic acid making vinegar)
Nonelectrolyte
a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that will NOT conduct an electric current
Solution
another name for a homogeneous mixture
Suspension
Orange juice with all the pulp settling at the bottom of the glass
Unsaturated
100 grams of water will dissolve 34.2g of KCl at 20 degrees C, but you only dissolve 34.0g
Henry’s Law example
this explains why sodas are bottled under pressure
Hydration
when water is added to make a solution
Alloy
14 Karat gold is an example
Solvent
in 14 Karat gold it is the gold (not the added silver or copper)
Heat of Solution
energy being absorbed (or released) when a solute dissolves in a given amount of solvent
Supersaturated
100g of H2O will dissolve 162g of KI at 40 degrees C. you get 171g to dissolve by heating and cooling it
Colloid
a mixture with particles not too big or not too small, they are just right (intermediate in size)
Solvation
process that describes a solute particle being surrounded by solvent
Saturated
Maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve at a certain temperature
Solute
in ocean water, it is the salt
Tyndall Effect
a beam of light coming thru a window and seeing dust particles floating in it is an example
Electrolyte
these solutions have a LOT of ions in solution and will conduct electricity
Immiscible
oil and vinegar salad dressing are an example
Effervescence
all the delicate bubbles that rise to the surface when you open the soda or pour the soda
Brownian Motion
random motion due to collisions of rapidly moving particles (example: colloid particles detected through a microscope)
Particle size: solution
.01-1 nm
Particle size: colloid
1-1000 nm
Particle size: suspension
over 1000 nm
Examples of a Solution
oxygen in nitrogen, alcohol in water, sugar in water
Examples of a Colloid
aerosol (liquid or solid dispersed in a gas), smoke, fog, mist, paint, milk, mayo
Examples of a Suspension
flour in water, mud in water
(+) Heat of Soln
endothermic: as temp increases, solubility increases (most solids)
(-) Heat of Soln
exothermic: as temp increases, solubility decreases
requires energy/endothermic
solvent particles must move apart to allow the solute to enter the liquid
energy released/exothermic
solute particles are attracted to solvent particles
Henry’s Law
solubility of a nonvolatile gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
Gases:
as temp increases, solubility would decrease; as pressure increases, solubility would increase
concentrated
solute proportion > solvent
dilute
solute proportion < solvent
concentration of solutions
a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
% by mass
mass solute/mass solution x100
molarity
moles solute/L solution
molality
moles solute/kg solvent
dilution equation
M1V1 = M2V2