Chapter 1 - Introduction & Test Strategies

GENERAL STRATEGIES

• ^^Read each question and all the answer choices THOROUGHLY^^
• Choose the answer choice that FULLY answers the question
• Make ^^educated guesses^^
  • Skip questions if you can’t make an educated guess (5-6 maximum)
• Process of elimination
• Watch the clock and pace yourself
  • Write down time frame (separate into three pieces)
• Be careful of changing answers (and trust your gut!)
• Underline key words
• Use 2-pass system - Answer all easy questions the first time and come back the second time to answer harder ones
• ^^Era-based thinking^^

TEST-TAKING STEPS

1. Read the question & connect the era
2. Eliminate incorrect choices
3. Assess remaining choices & translate into simpler terms
4. Stop & reread the question
5. (Last resort) Guess & move on

TYPES OF QUESTIONS

• Quotes
  • Read the question FIRST
  • Read quickly to get a general idea
• Except/Not/Least
  • Answer true-or-false (eliminate correct answer choices)
  • Which answer choices sticks out from the others?
• Charts, tables, and graphs
  • Read the question FIRST
  • Don’t assume (use only information given)
• Maps
  • Read the question FIRST
  • Read the title
• Political cartoons
  • ^^Connect to the correct era^^
• Random facts
  • Answer is probably…
  • Vaguely familiar (won’t be something you’ve never heard of)
  • Famous person
  • POE & guess

ERA-BASED THINKING

Exploration & Colonization (1492-1763)

• Vikings (Leif Eriksson)
• Columbus
  • King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain
  • Columbian Exchange
• Northwest Passage
• New England
  • Plymouth
  • Pilgrims (Separatists)
  • Mayflower Compact
• Massachusetts Bay Colony
  • John Winthrop
  • “City on a Hill”
  • Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson
  • Rhode Island
• Subsistence farming
  • Indentured servants
• Middle Colonies
  • Pennsylvania
  • William Penn
  • Quakers
• South
  • Jamestown
  • Headright System
  • House of Burgesses
  • John Rolfe
    • Tobacco
• Plantation systems
  • Cash crops
  • Indentured servants
• Bacon’s Rebellion
• Great Awakening
  • Halfway Covenant
  • Jonathan Edwards
  • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
  • George Whitefield \n

Revolutionary Era (1763-1783)

• Dominion of New England
  • Glorious Revolution
  • Salutary neglect
• Zenger Trial
• Albany Plan of Union
• French & Indian War
  • Treaty of Paris (1763)
• Taxes
  • Navigation Acts
  • Mercantilism
  • Proclamation of 1763
  • Ohio River Valley
  • Sugar Act
  • Vice-admiralty courts
  • Declaratory Act
  • Townshend Acts
  • Boston Massacre
  • Tea Act
  • Boston Tea Party
    • Sons of Liberty
    • Intolerable Acts
  • Quartering Act
• Committees of Correspondence
• First Continental Congress
• Common Sense (Thomas Paine)
• Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson)
• Second Continental Congress
  • Olive Branch Petition
  • Continental Army
  • George Washington
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Thomas Jefferson
• Lexington & Concord
• Valley Forge
  • Baron Friedrich von Steuben
• Battle of Saratoga
  • France
• Battle of Yorktown
• Battle of Bunker Hill
• Battle of Brandywine Creek
• Forts Kaskia & Vincennes
  • George Rogers Clark
• Loyalists
• Treaty of Paris (1783)

A New Nation (1783-1816)

• George Washington
• John Adams
• Thomas Jefferson
• James Madison
• Articles of Confederation
  • Shays’ Rebellion
• US Constitution
  • Checks & balances
  • Great Compromise
  • Virginia Plan
  • New Jersey Plan
  • ⅗ Compromise
  • Bill of Rights
• Whiskey Rebellion
• Washington’s Farewell Address
• XYZ Affair
• Alien & Sedition Acts
  • Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
• Revolution of 1800
• Louisiana Purchase
  • Lewis & Clark Expedition
• John Marshall
  • Marbury v. Madison
  • Judicial review
  • McCulloch v. Maryland
• War of 1812
  • Chesapeake Incident
  • Impressment
  • Embargo Act
  • Non-Intercourse Act
  • War Hawks
  • Treaty of Ghent
  • Battle of New Orleans
  • Andrew Jackson
  • Hartford Convention
• Reform Movements
  • Second Great Awakening
  • Charles Finney
  • Social Gospel
  • Transcendentalism
  • Henry David Thoreau
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Shakers
  • Mormons
  • Joseph Smith
  • Brigham Young

Pre-Civil War (1817-1859)

• James Monroe
• John Quincy Adams
• Andrew Jackson
• Martin Van Buren
• William Henry Harrison
• John Tyler
• James K. Polk
• Zachary Taylor
• Millard Fillmore
• Franklin Pierce
• James Buchanan
• Era of Good Feelings
• Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida)
• Monroe Doctrine
• Erie Canal
• Missouri Compromise
• Tallmadge Amendment
• Election of 1824
  • JQA, Clay, Jackson
  • “Corrupt bargain”
• Indian Removal Act
  • Trail of Tears
• Nullification Crisis
  • “Tariff of Abominations”
  • Force Bill
• Bank War
• Panic of 1837
  • “Pet banks”
• Gag Rule
• Industrial Revolution
  • Factories
  • Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)
  • Railroads
  • Telegraph
  • McCormick Reaper
• South
  • Plantations
  • Cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
• West
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Texas
  • Oregon
    • “54-40 or Fight!”
• Seneca Falls Convention
  • The Declaration of Sentiments
• Mexican-American War
  • Spot Resolutions
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
  • Mexican Cession
• California Gold Rush
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Bleeding Kansas
• Harper’s Ferry
  • John Brown
• Dred Scott v. Sanford
• Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe)
• Underground Railroad
  • Harriet Tubman

Civil War & Reconstruction (1860-1877)

• Abraham Lincoln
• Andrew Johnson
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• Election of 1860
• Confederate States of America
  • Jefferson Davis
• Fort Sumter
• First Battle of Bull Run
• Second Battle of Bull Run
• Peninsula Campaign
• Battle of Antietam
  • Emancipation Proclamation
• Battle of Gettysburg
  • Gettysburg Address
• Battle of Shiloh
• Siege of Vicksburg
• Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Appomattox Courthouse
• 10 Percent Plan
• Wade-Davis Bill
• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendment
• KKK
• Sharecropping
• Jim Crow Laws
• Election of 1876

Gilded Age (1876-1900)

• James A. Garfield
• Chester A. Arthur
• Benjamin Harrison
• Grover Cleveland
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Howard Taft
• Laissez-faire
• Captains of industry/robber barons
• Social Darwinism
• Gospel of Wealth
• Credit Mobilier Scandal
• Whiskey Ring Scandal
• Vertical & horizontal integration

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

• James A. Garfield
• Chester A. Arthur
• Benjamin Harrison
• Grover Cleveland
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Howard Taft
• Muckrakers & Reformers
  • History of the Standard Oil Company (Ida Tarbell)
  • The Jungle (Upton Sinclair)
  • How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis)
  • Hull House (Jane Addams)
  • A Century of Dishonor (Helen Hunt Jackson)
  • Dawes Act
• Gov’t policies
  • Sherman Antitrust Act
  • Interstate Commerce Act
  • Pure Food & Drug Act
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • Federal Trade Commission
  • Clayton Antitrust Act
  • Federal Reserve Act
• Labor
  • Knights of Labor (Terence Powderly)
  • Haymarket Square Riot
  • American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers)
  • Industrial Workers of the World
• Temperance Movement
• Women’s Suffrage
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • Susan B. Anthony
  • Carrie Chapman Catt
• Civil Rights
  • Plessy v. Ferguson
  • NAACP
  • Booker T. Washington
  • Tuskegee Institute
  • Atlanta Compromise Speech
  • WEB DuBois
  • Talented Tenth
  • Niagara Convention
  • Marcus Garvey
  • Back to Africa

American Imperialism (1890-1920)

• William McKinley
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Howard Taft
• Spanish-American War
  • Yellow journalism
  • USS Maine
  • Rough Riders
  • Teller Amendment
  • Platt Amendment
• Open Door Policy
  • Boxer Rebellion
• Big Stick Diplomacy
• Panama Canal
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Seward’s Folly
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (Alfred Thayer Mahan)
• Annexation of Hawaii \n

World War I (1914-1918)

• Woodrow Wilson
• Allied Powers vs. Central Powers
• German U-Boats
  • Lusitania
• Sussex Pledge
• Zimmerman Note
• Fourteen Points
  • League of Nations
  • Irreconcilables
    • Henry Cabot Lodge
• Treaty of Versailles

Roaring 20’s (1920-1929)

• Warren G. Harding - “Return to Normalcy”
• Calvin Coolidge
• Teapot Dome Scandal
• Prohibition
  • 18th Amendment
  • Volstead Act
• Flappers
• 19th Amendment (women’s suffrage)
• Red Scare
  • Palmer Raids
  • Sacco & Vanzetti
• Immigration Act
• Scopes Monkey Trial
• Lost Generation

Great Depression (1929-1941)

• Herbert Hoover
• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Black Tuesday (stock market crash)
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation
• Hoovervilles
• Bonus Army
• New Deal
  • Hundred Days
  • Keynesian Economics
  • Alphabet soup agencies
  • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
  • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA/NRA)
  • Works Project Administration (WPA)
  • Public Works Administration (PWA)
  • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
  • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
  • Social Security
• Dust Bowl
  • The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck)

World War II (1939-1945)

• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Harry S. Truman
• Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers
• Munich Conference
  • Appeasement
• Holocaust
• “Cash and carry”
• Lend-lease
• Atlantic Charter
• Pearl Harbor
• War Production Board
• Rosie the Riveter
• D-Day
• Manhattan Project
  • Hiroshima & Nagasaki
• Japanese Internment (Executive Order 9066)
• Executive Order 9981
• Nuremberg Trials
• Potsdam Conference

Cold War (1945-1989)

• Harry S. Truman
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Richard Nixon
• Gerald Ford
• Jimmy Carter
• Ronald Reagan
• George H.W. Bush
• Yalta Conference
• Iron Curtain
• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
• Truman Doctrine
  • Containment
• Marshall Plan
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Warsaw Pact
• Berlin Airlift
• Korean War
  • 38th Parallel (split Korea)
  • Douglas MacArthur
• Suez Crisis
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• U-2 Incident
• Space Race
  • Sputnik
  • National Defense Education Act
• Second Red Scare
  • Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
  • McCarthyism
• Taft-Hartley Act
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Bay of Pigs
• Brinkmanship
• Détente
• SALT I
• SALT II

Postwar Boom (1946-1959)

• Harry S. Truman
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Fair Deal
• Baby boom
• “White flight”

Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Warren Court
  • Brown v. Board of Education
• 24th Amendment
• Voting Rights Act
• Montgomery Bus Boycott
  • Rosa Parks
• Little Rock 9
• Martin Luther King
• Malcolm X
• Sit-ins
• Freedom Rides
• March on Washington
  • I Have a Dream Speech
• Civil Rights Act
• SCLC
  • Selma March
  • Bloody Sunday
• CORE
• SNCC
• Black Panthers
  • Black Power

Vietnam War (1954-1975)

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Richard Nixon
• Dien Bien Phu
• Geneva Accords
• Domino Theory
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Tet Offensive
• Pentagon Papers
• Vietnamization
• My Lai Massacre
• Invasion of Cambodia
• Paris Peace Accords

Era of Social Change (1960-1975)

• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Richard Nixon
• Peace Corps
• Great Society
  • War on Poverty
  • Medicare/Medicaid
• Counterculture
  • Hippies
• “Silent Majority”
• Anti-war protests
  • Kent State Massacre
  • SDS (Weathermen)
• Women’s rights
  • The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)
  • NOW
• Environment
  • Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)
  • Environmental Protection Agency

End of the 20th Century (1970s-Present)

• Richard Nixon
• Gerald Ford
• Jimmy Carter
• George H.W. Bush
• Bill Clinton
• George W. Bush
• Barack Obama
• Donald Trump
• Watergate Scandal
• OPEC oil embargo
  • Stagflation
• Camp David Accords
• Iran Hostage Crisis
• Reaganomics (trickle-down)
• Iran-Contra Affair
• Persian Gulf War
  • Saddam Hussein
• Contract with America
• NAFTA
• Lewinsky Scandal
  • Impeachment of Bill Clinton
• Election of 2000
• 9/11 attacks
  • al-Qaeda
  • Osama bin Laden
• “War on Terror”
  • Afghanistan War
  • Iraq War
• “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”
• Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”)

American Legacy

• Literature
  • Early American Writing
  • Cotton Mather - God’s shaping of events in MBC
  • John Winthrop - City Upon a Hill (MBC is role model)
  • Roger Winthrop - Separation of church & state
  • Jonathan Edwards - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (Great Awakening)
  • George Whitfield - Great Awakening
  • Phillis Wheatley - AA poetry
  • Revolutionary Era
  • Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard’s Almanac (American identity)
  • Thomas Paine - Common Sense (Support for independence)
  • John Dickinson - Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Support for independence)
  • 19th Century
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Slavery & abolition)
  • Washington Irving - The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (American short stories)
  • James Fenimore Cooper - Leatherstocking Tales (Frontier life)
  • Edgar Allen Poe - The Pit and the Pendulum (Dark side of US society)
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson - Self Reliance (Transcendentalism)
  • Henry David Thoreau - Walden (Transcendentalism)
  • Walt Whitman - Leaves of Grass (Celebration of life & humanity)
  • Mark Twain - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Mississippi life)
  • Henry James - The Portrait of a Lady (Old World vs. New World)
  • Early 20th Century
  • Stephen Crane - The Red Badge of Courage (Civil War)
  • Edith Wharton - The Age of Innocence (Northeastern elite)
  • Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (Corruption in meat-packing industry)
  • Ida Tarbell - The History of the Standard Oil Company (Corruption in S. Oil)
  • William Faulkner - The Sound and the Fury (Complexities of Southern life)
  • Robert Frost - Poetry about nature
  • Lost Generation
  • Gertrude Stein - Lesbian sexuality
  • F. Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby (Indulgence of Jazz Age)
  • Ernest Hemingway - The Old Man and the Sea (Strong male characters)
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Langston Hughes - Experiences of blacks
  • Great Depression
  • John Steinbeck - The Grapes of Wrath (Dust Bowl farmers)
  • Beat Generation
  • Jack Kerouac - On The Road (Counterculture)
  • Allen Ginsburg - Counterculture
  • Cold War
  • J.D. Salinger - The Catcher in the Rye (Youth rebellion)
  • Joseph Heller - Catch-22 (Satirized Cold War)