Chapter 1 - Introduction & Test Strategies

GENERAL STRATEGIES

^^Read each question and all the answer choices THOROUGHLY^^
Choose the answer choice that FULLY answers the question
Make ^^educated guesses^^
- Skip questions if you can’t make an educated guess (5-6 maximum)
Process of elimination
Watch the clock and pace yourself
- Write down time frame (separate into three pieces)
Be careful of changing answers (and trust your gut!)
Underline key words
Use 2-pass system - Answer all easy questions the first time and come back the second time to answer harder ones
^^Era-based thinking^^

TEST-TAKING STEPS

Read the question & connect the era
Eliminate incorrect choices
Assess remaining choices & translate into simpler terms
Stop & reread the question
(Last resort) Guess & move on

TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Quotes
- Read the question FIRST
- Read quickly to get a general idea
Except/Not/Least
- Answer true-or-false (eliminate correct answer choices)
- Which answer choices sticks out from the others?
Charts, tables, and graphs
- Read the question FIRST
- Don’t assume (use only information given)
Maps
- Read the question FIRST
- Read the title
Political cartoons
- ^^Connect to the correct era^^
Random facts
- Answer is probably…
- Vaguely familiar (won’t be something you’ve never heard of)
- Famous person
- POE & guess

ERA-BASED THINKING

Exploration & Colonization (1492-1763)

Vikings (Leif Eriksson)
Columbus
- King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain
- Columbian Exchange
Northwest Passage
New England
- Plymouth
- Pilgrims (Separatists)
- Mayflower Compact
Massachusetts Bay Colony
- John Winthrop
- “City on a Hill”
- Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson
- Rhode Island
Subsistence farming
- Indentured servants
Middle Colonies
- Pennsylvania
- William Penn
- Quakers
South
- Jamestown
- Headright System
- House of Burgesses
- John Rolfe
  - Tobacco
Plantation systems
- Cash crops
- Indentured servants
Bacon’s Rebellion
Great Awakening
- Halfway Covenant
- Jonathan Edwards
- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
- George Whitefield \n

Revolutionary Era (1763-1783)

Dominion of New England
- Glorious Revolution
- Salutary neglect
Zenger Trial
Albany Plan of Union
French & Indian War
- Treaty of Paris (1763)
Taxes
- Navigation Acts
- Mercantilism
- Proclamation of 1763
- Ohio River Valley
- Sugar Act
- Vice-admiralty courts
- Declaratory Act
- Townshend Acts
- Boston Massacre
- Tea Act
- Boston Tea Party
  - Sons of Liberty
  - Intolerable Acts
- Quartering Act
Committees of Correspondence
First Continental Congress
Common Sense (Thomas Paine)
Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson)
Second Continental Congress
- Olive Branch Petition
- Continental Army
- George Washington
- Declaration of Independence
- Thomas Jefferson
Lexington & Concord
Valley Forge
- Baron Friedrich von Steuben
Battle of Saratoga
- France
Battle of Yorktown
Battle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Forts Kaskia & Vincennes
- George Rogers Clark
Loyalists
Treaty of Paris (1783)

A New Nation (1783-1816)

George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Articles of Confederation
- Shays’ Rebellion
US Constitution
- Checks & balances
- Great Compromise
- Virginia Plan
- New Jersey Plan
- ⅗ Compromise
- Bill of Rights
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington’s Farewell Address
XYZ Affair
Alien & Sedition Acts
- Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Revolution of 1800
Louisiana Purchase
- Lewis & Clark Expedition
John Marshall
- Marbury v. Madison
- Judicial review
- McCulloch v. Maryland
War of 1812
- Chesapeake Incident
- Impressment
- Embargo Act
- Non-Intercourse Act
- War Hawks
- Treaty of Ghent
- Battle of New Orleans
- Andrew Jackson
- Hartford Convention
Reform Movements
- Second Great Awakening
- Charles Finney
- Social Gospel
- Transcendentalism
- Henry David Thoreau
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Shakers
- Mormons
- Joseph Smith
- Brigham Young

Pre-Civil War (1817-1859)

James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Era of Good Feelings
Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida)
Monroe Doctrine
Erie Canal
Missouri Compromise
Tallmadge Amendment
Election of 1824
- JQA, Clay, Jackson
- “Corrupt bargain”
Indian Removal Act
- Trail of Tears
Nullification Crisis
- “Tariff of Abominations”
- Force Bill
Bank War
Panic of 1837
- “Pet banks”
Gag Rule
Industrial Revolution
- Factories
- Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)
- Railroads
- Telegraph
- McCormick Reaper
South
- Plantations
- Cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
West
- Manifest Destiny
- Texas
- Oregon
  - “54-40 or Fight!”
Seneca Falls Convention
- The Declaration of Sentiments
Mexican-American War
- Spot Resolutions
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- Mexican Cession
California Gold Rush
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Bleeding Kansas
Harper’s Ferry
- John Brown
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe)
Underground Railroad
- Harriet Tubman

Civil War & Reconstruction (1860-1877)

Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes
Election of 1860
Confederate States of America
- Jefferson Davis
Fort Sumter
First Battle of Bull Run
Second Battle of Bull Run
Peninsula Campaign
Battle of Antietam
- Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Gettysburg
- Gettysburg Address
Battle of Shiloh
Siege of Vicksburg
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Appomattox Courthouse
10 Percent Plan
Wade-Davis Bill
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
13th, 14th, 15th Amendment
KKK
Sharecropping
Jim Crow Laws
Election of 1876

Gilded Age (1876-1900)

James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Benjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Laissez-faire
Captains of industry/robber barons
Social Darwinism
Gospel of Wealth
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Whiskey Ring Scandal
Vertical & horizontal integration

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Benjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Muckrakers & Reformers
- History of the Standard Oil Company (Ida Tarbell)
- The Jungle (Upton Sinclair)
- How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis)
- Hull House (Jane Addams)
- A Century of Dishonor (Helen Hunt Jackson)
- Dawes Act
Gov’t policies
- Sherman Antitrust Act
- Interstate Commerce Act
- Pure Food & Drug Act
- Meat Inspection Act
- Federal Trade Commission
- Clayton Antitrust Act
- Federal Reserve Act
Labor
- Knights of Labor (Terence Powderly)
- Haymarket Square Riot
- American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers)
- Industrial Workers of the World
Temperance Movement
Women’s Suffrage
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Susan B. Anthony
- Carrie Chapman Catt
Civil Rights
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- NAACP
- Booker T. Washington
- Tuskegee Institute
- Atlanta Compromise Speech
- WEB DuBois
- Talented Tenth
- Niagara Convention
- Marcus Garvey
- Back to Africa

American Imperialism (1890-1920)

William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Spanish-American War
- Yellow journalism
- USS Maine
- Rough Riders
- Teller Amendment
- Platt Amendment
Open Door Policy
- Boxer Rebellion
Big Stick Diplomacy
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
Seward’s Folly
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (Alfred Thayer Mahan)
Annexation of Hawaii \n

World War I (1914-1918)

Woodrow Wilson
Allied Powers vs. Central Powers
German U-Boats
- Lusitania
Sussex Pledge
Zimmerman Note
Fourteen Points
- League of Nations
- Irreconcilables
  - Henry Cabot Lodge
Treaty of Versailles

Roaring 20’s (1920-1929)

Warren G. Harding - “Return to Normalcy”
Calvin Coolidge
Teapot Dome Scandal
Prohibition
- 18th Amendment
- Volstead Act
Flappers
19th Amendment (women’s suffrage)
Red Scare
- Palmer Raids
- Sacco & Vanzetti
Immigration Act
Scopes Monkey Trial
Lost Generation

Great Depression (1929-1941)

Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Black Tuesday (stock market crash)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Hoovervilles
Bonus Army
New Deal
- Hundred Days
- Keynesian Economics
- Alphabet soup agencies
- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
- National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA/NRA)
- Works Project Administration (WPA)
- Public Works Administration (PWA)
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Social Security
Dust Bowl
- The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck)

World War II (1939-1945)

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers
Munich Conference
- Appeasement
Holocaust
“Cash and carry”
Lend-lease
Atlantic Charter
Pearl Harbor
War Production Board
Rosie the Riveter
D-Day
Manhattan Project
- Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Japanese Internment (Executive Order 9066)
Executive Order 9981
Nuremberg Trials
Potsdam Conference

Cold War (1945-1989)

Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
George H.W. Bush
Yalta Conference
Iron Curtain
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Truman Doctrine
- Containment
Marshall Plan
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Warsaw Pact
Berlin Airlift
Korean War
- 38th Parallel (split Korea)
- Douglas MacArthur
Suez Crisis
Eisenhower Doctrine
U-2 Incident
Space Race
- Sputnik
- National Defense Education Act
Second Red Scare
- Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
- McCarthyism
Taft-Hartley Act
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bay of Pigs
Brinkmanship
Détente
SALT I
SALT II

Postwar Boom (1946-1959)

Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Fair Deal
Baby boom
“White flight”

Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)

Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Warren Court
- Brown v. Board of Education
24th Amendment
Voting Rights Act
Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Rosa Parks
Little Rock 9
Martin Luther King
Malcolm X
Sit-ins
Freedom Rides
March on Washington
- I Have a Dream Speech
Civil Rights Act
SCLC
- Selma March
- Bloody Sunday
CORE
SNCC
Black Panthers
- Black Power

Vietnam War (1954-1975)

Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Dien Bien Phu
Geneva Accords
Domino Theory
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Tet Offensive
Pentagon Papers
Vietnamization
My Lai Massacre
Invasion of Cambodia
Paris Peace Accords

Era of Social Change (1960-1975)

John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Peace Corps
Great Society
- War on Poverty
- Medicare/Medicaid
Counterculture
- Hippies
“Silent Majority”
Anti-war protests
- Kent State Massacre
- SDS (Weathermen)
Women’s rights
- The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)
- NOW
Environment
- Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)
- Environmental Protection Agency

End of the 20th Century (1970s-Present)

Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
George H.W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Watergate Scandal
OPEC oil embargo
- Stagflation
Camp David Accords
Iran Hostage Crisis
Reaganomics (trickle-down)
Iran-Contra Affair
Persian Gulf War
- Saddam Hussein
Contract with America
NAFTA
Lewinsky Scandal
- Impeachment of Bill Clinton
Election of 2000
9/11 attacks
- al-Qaeda
- Osama bin Laden
“War on Terror”
- Afghanistan War
- Iraq War
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”
Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”)

American Legacy

Literature
- Early American Writing
- Cotton Mather - God’s shaping of events in MBC
- John Winthrop - City Upon a Hill (MBC is role model)
- Roger Winthrop - Separation of church & state
- Jonathan Edwards - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (Great Awakening)
- George Whitfield - Great Awakening
- Phillis Wheatley - AA poetry
- Revolutionary Era
- Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard’s Almanac (American identity)
- Thomas Paine - Common Sense (Support for independence)
- John Dickinson - Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Support for independence)
- 19th Century
- Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Slavery & abolition)
- Washington Irving - The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (American short stories)
- James Fenimore Cooper - Leatherstocking Tales (Frontier life)
- Edgar Allen Poe - The Pit and the Pendulum (Dark side of US society)
- Ralph Waldo Emerson - Self Reliance (Transcendentalism)
- Henry David Thoreau - Walden (Transcendentalism)
- Walt Whitman - Leaves of Grass (Celebration of life & humanity)
- Mark Twain - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Mississippi life)
- Henry James - The Portrait of a Lady (Old World vs. New World)
- Early 20th Century
- Stephen Crane - The Red Badge of Courage (Civil War)
- Edith Wharton - The Age of Innocence (Northeastern elite)
- Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (Corruption in meat-packing industry)
- Ida Tarbell - The History of the Standard Oil Company (Corruption in S. Oil)
- William Faulkner - The Sound and the Fury (Complexities of Southern life)
- Robert Frost - Poetry about nature
- Lost Generation
- Gertrude Stein - Lesbian sexuality
- F. Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby (Indulgence of Jazz Age)
- Ernest Hemingway - The Old Man and the Sea (Strong male characters)
- Harlem Renaissance
- Langston Hughes - Experiences of blacks
- Great Depression
- John Steinbeck - The Grapes of Wrath (Dust Bowl farmers)
- Beat Generation
- Jack Kerouac - On The Road (Counterculture)
- Allen Ginsburg - Counterculture
- Cold War
- J.D. Salinger - The Catcher in the Rye (Youth rebellion)
- Joseph Heller - Catch-22 (Satirized Cold War)