1.2.1 - Carbohydrates 1 - monosaccharides and disaccharides

What do carbohydrate molecules consist of?

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

What are long chains of sugars called?

saccharides

What are the three type of saccharides?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Monosaccharide

single sugar molecule

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharides

How do monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides?

by glyosidic bonds formed in condensation reactions

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

The orientation of the hydroxyl (-OH) group on carbon 1.

What is the structural formula of glucose alpha + draw

C6H1206

What is the structural formula of beta glucose + draw

C6H1206

Ribose

A monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms.
A pentose sugar and a component of RNA.

What is the structural formula of ribose + draw

C5H10O5

What is the structural formula of deoxyribose + draw

C5H10O4

Name a ribose isomer and its feature(s) and where it’s found

deoxyribose, lacks the OH group on the second carbon of the sugar ring, found in the DNA

Maltose

a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules

Sucrose

Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose and fructose

Lactose

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose & galactose

What are some glucose units polysaccharides are made of?

• Glycogen and starch which are both formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

• Cellulose formed by the condensation of beta glucose

Glycogen

• the main energy storage molecule in animals and is formed from many molecules of alpha glucose joined together by 1, 4 and 1, 6 glyosidic bonds .

• has a large number of side branches meaning that the molecule can be hydrolysed and energy can be released quickly.

• It is a relatively large, but compact molecule thus maximizing the amount of energy it can store.

What is two polysaccharides is starch a mixture of?

Amylopectin and Amylose

Amylose

• An unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1, 4 glycosidic bonds .

• As a result, amylose is coiled

• Very compact molecule meaning it can store a lot of energy.

● Amylopectin is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, making it a branched molecule. Due to the presence of many side branches, it is rapidly digested by enzymes, therefore, energy is released quickly. It is also a compact molecule, although not as compact as amylose.

Amylopectin

• is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, making it a branched molecule.

• Due to the presence of many side branches, it is rapidly digested by enzymes,

• therefore, energy is released quickly. It is also a compact molecule, although not as compact as amylose.

Cellulose

• a component of cell walls in plants and is composed of long, unbranched chains of beta glucose monomers which are joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

• Microfibres and microfibrils are strong threads which are made of long cellulose chains joined together by hydrogen bonds and they provide structural support in plant cells.