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Managing Raster Data

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1

Managing Raster Data

- divides space into discrete uniform unit squared cells
- does not provide precise locational data

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2

Spatial resolution

reducing grid cell size to half the current size will increase data value four times

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3

resolution

dimensions of a pixel

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4

Whittaker-Shannon Sample Theorem

Cell size must be smaller than half of the minimum feature that you intend to represent

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5

Continuous Rasters

o Store numeric values that can be measured anywhere
Examples: Elevation, temperature, precipitation

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6

Discrete Rasters

Store Categorical data
Examples: land use, roads

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7

Raster Pyramids

o May be built for a raster to speed its display
o Lower resolution copies are created

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8

Nearest Neighbor Resampling, categorical

  • Grabs value from old cell that falls at center of new cell

  • Preserves original value

  • __________ data

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9

Bilinear resampling, continuous

Finds new value from four cells closest to center of new cell; ____________ data

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10

cubic convolution resampling, continuous

finds new value from 16 cells that fall closest to center of new cell; used for ___________ data

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11

Raster Tables

o Attribute tables are created for discrete rasters with limited number of unique values

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12

Value Field

part of a raster table that contains each unique value

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13

count field

indicates how many cells have that value in a raster table

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14

Storing raster data

BIP, BIL, BSQ

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15

BIP

Band Interleaved by Pixel

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16

BIL

Band interleaved by line

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17

BSQ

band sequential

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18

Storing Raster Values

one binary digit is a bit
8 bits is one byte
number of bytes is pixel depth

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19

Multiband Raster

contain multiple raster arrays with same number of rows, columns, same resolution stored together, EX satellite images

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20

Displaying Multiband Rasters

§ Natural color (red, green, blue wavelengths)

§ False color (near infrared, red, blue)

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21

DEM

Digital Elevation Models

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22

Attribute Table

§ Stores attributes of map features
§ Spatial data layer
§ Special fields for spatial info

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23

Standalone Table

§ Stores any tabular data
§ Not associated with spatial data

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24

Sorting Records

Sorted ascending or descending; does not affect original data

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25

Turning off fields in table

o Does not delete, just removes from display

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26

Field Data Types

o Short and long for integers

o Float and Double for Decimals

o Text

o Date

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27

Geometry Fields

special fields in attribute tables called Shape_Length and Shape_Area

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28

Coded domains

provide lists of values to pick from; EX conifer or deciduous

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29

Range Domains

specify the range of numeric values permitted

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30

shapefiles

o area fields that must be manually created and updated
o Automatically updated fields in a geodatabase are called shape_area

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31

SQL

Structured Query Language-- for relational databases

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32

Query

o Built into layer which can temporarily remove unwanted features and can improve quality and speed of map display

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33

Joins

o Temporary relationships between tables used by relationship DBMS

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34

One to one cardinality

§ States to governors
§ Husbands to wives

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One to many cardinality

§ States to cities
§ Districts to schools

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36

Many to one cardinality

§ Cities to states
§ Schools to districts

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37

Many to many cardinality

§ Students to classes
§ Stores to customers

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38

Topology

o Spatial relationships between features

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39

Logical consistency

o When topology match real world
Ex. Roads actually connect

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40

Dangle

o Lines fail to connect

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41

Coincident Boundary

o Shared edge that contains exactly the same x-y pairs for both adjacent polygons

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42

Snapping

Ensures ends of roads or vertices of polygons match

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43

Snap tolerance

distance of snapping points

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44

Schema changes

o those that affect the structure of a table
o ex: adding/deleting fields, or modifying domains

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45

Editing Changes

o Affect the properties of individual feature coordinates or attributes
o Not possible when there are unsaved schema changes

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46

Feature templates

Quickly access construction tools and attributes for a layer; can have multiple

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47

Annotation

Set of labels stored in a feature class

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48

Reference Scale

o Maintains consistent placement relative to map features

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49

Spatial operators

intersect, contains/within, proximity

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50

Intersect

tests whether or not features touch

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51

Contains/ Within

tests whether a feature is inside another

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52

Proximity

tests whether features are within specified distance of another

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53

zones

areas of raster/feature dataset that share the same integer value

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54

contains operator

permits feature to lie on edge of containing feature

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Completely contains operator

does not permit a shared boundary

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56

Target layer

layer in spatial query from which features are selected

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source layer

layer in spatial query that target features are compared to

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58

Overlay

provides a way to split features so there is always a one to one correspondence

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59

Extraction functions

Clip, Erase

§ Clip and erase can change lengths or areas of features on boundary

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60

Clip

keeps features inside feature boundary

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61

Erase

keeps features outside feature boundary

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62

On the fly clipping

o Temporary clip applied to map layout
o Performed on many layers simultaneously

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63

Sliver polygons

o Tiny polygons created during geoprocessing
o Result of slight differences in boundaries

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64

Model Builder

o Way to string functions together to create work flow
o Useful for grouping sets of related functions for repeated use
o Created inside toolboxes
o Can be shared with others and converted to scripts

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65

Spatial Interpolation

Computational procedure for estimating surface values for continuous variables at unsampled locations

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66

Raster Calculator

Combines different rasters into one big raster

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67

Neighborhood functions

mean, majority, variety

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68

Zonal Functions

o Two input data – zone layer: defines boundaries of zone – Value layer: defines the value of the phenomena

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69

Density Functions

o Count number of features within specified circle, divide by circle area to yield density value

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70

Heatmap

Symbology draws point features as a dynamic, representative surface or relative density

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71

Least Cost Path

Uses cost raster (slope) to quantify cost of travel and combines it with distance raster to determine the easiest route between points

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72

Aspect

o Deepest downslope direction
o Determines direction of water flow over terrain surface

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73

Shaded Relief Map

o Shadow effect produced by interaction of sun with topographic surface

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74

Viewshed Analysis

o Region that is visible from a given vantage point in the terrain

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75

Flow Direction

o Determined by comparing elevation data of a cell to its neighbors

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76

Snapping

o Used to snap or align an extent during execution
o When output cell is same size as snap raster size, the cells in output raster are aligned with cells of snap raster

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77

Resources

Data sets, web maps, geoprocessing services

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78

Data sets

can be downloaded and stored locally

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79

web maps

provide content that can also be used by mobile devices

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80

Geoprocessing services

allow analysis to be performed on server side

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81

Work flow

o Sequence of data management or analysis steps needed to complete task, allows less chance for errors

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82

Metadata

Data about data; where it came from, how it should be used

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83

CSDGM

content standard for digital geospatial metadata

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84

lineage

where data came from and how it was processed, metadata related to data quality

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85

feature layer

point, line, or polygon features and their attributes

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