Shawn Daggett BMIS Final

Patrick

-shrouded in legend and sainted 2 centuries after death

Thomas

- The Lord wants to send Thomas to India but he is reluctant

- Sold as a slave to an Indian merchant name Abbener

- Commissioned to build a palace but builds spiritual home in heaven by distributing alms to the poor provisions of the King.

-When the king demands to see the palace, Thomas says something along the lines of "Though canst not see it now, but you will be able to see it in heaven."

- King incensed, Thomas in jail, miraculous intervention all put right. King baptized

Ulfilas

- Preached to the Goths

- Became a leader among his people as a bi-cultural bridge

- He translated all but the Kings into the Gothic language (avoided the kings because the people were too warlike to begin with)

-Arian Christianity: Jesus was created and adopted by God, not completely divine

Nestorianism

Christ essentially exists as two persons sharing one body- the human and the divine

Alopen

-bishop took Christianity to China in the 7th century

-Moved straight across Central Asia along the silk route to Xian

-Evidence: Hsianful Nestorian monument dating to 781 as well as eighth century manuscripts found in a grotto of Dun-huang

Xian and Hsianful Monument

-Evidence of Alopen: Hsianful Nestorian monument dating to 781 as well as eighth century manuscripts found in a grotto of Dun-huang

Ignatius of Loyola

together with 6 friends, by rigid commitment, under pope, for reconversion of heretics formed the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Francis Xavier

-Jesuit

-Devoted statesmen, sent by king of Portugal to India in 1542

-Worked in Goa: morally decadent (did what he could and moved on)

-Moved to work with Bharathas (Paravas)

-worked in Malacca but was already penetrated by Portuguese so he headed toward Japan

-His work was characterized by a respect of current culture and a willingness to build upon it rather than tearing it down?

Roberto di Nobili

1605 Roberto de Nobili (1577-1656).

- Worked first in the south, Madurai for 50 years

a.center of Tamil culture, classical lit, Hindu philosophy.

b.Nobili separated himself from immigrant converts of Father Fernandez, considered parangis, untouchables.

-Nobili set out to win the Indians by becoming an Indian. Abandoning everything that would offend including meat, leather shoes, and contact with Europeans.

-Mastered classics of Tamil, later Telugu and Sanskrit

-Cut himself off from existing Christian church.

-Taught:

c.unity of God

d.doctrine of creation w/ scholastic method adapted from Europe.

- Converted:

e.10 young men of good caste.

f.by 1609, 63 more including a few Brahmans. g.Converts were allowed to keep kudumi, hair tuft.

-Controversy:

h.Nobili just a new guru? did they understand the import of what they had done?

i.A Parava spilled the beans.

-de Nobili defended self: "I am not a parangi...I came from Rome where my family holds the same rank as respectable Rajas hold in this country..." see interesting quote p 185.

-Charges from Rome:

j.tolerating Hindu superstition

k.creating schism within the church by separation of caste

l.Reply from Rome exonerated de Nobili. Hindu converts to maintain traditions but abandon anything pagan attached.

-Results:

m.Extending mission to Trichinopoly and Salem he divided mission into two parts working among upper and lower castes.

n.During 1607-20, 178 persons of good caste baptized.

o.By 1623, many either apostatized or followed him to Trichinopoly.

p.1643 Jesuit Annual Letter says 600 of higher castes baptized

q.Superhuman self-sacrifice necessary

r.failed to develop Indian ministry.

Matteo Ricci

Who was brought by Valignano to China and was kept by the Emperor because of his fascination with clocks and map making

Alessandro Valignano

-Brought Matteo Ricci to China?

Jakob Spener (P.J. Spener?)

-wrote Pia Desideria in 1675

-His aim was not to create a sect but to gather those people who were most deeply concerned for their own salvation and that of others

-Demand for personal conversion, holiness, close fellowship, and witness

-Spener and Herman Franke: Pietism, Revival, Service to missions

-Worked in Germany as a pastor by inviting church members to his home and writing an outline for the reform of the church. Demanded personal conversions

Bartholomew Ziegenbalg

-King Frederk IV of Denmark having no missionary of his own to send, turned to Halle Germany

-sent at age 23 and died 13 years later

-works as a missionary correspondent and worked at Halle University in Germany, teaching and translating the gospel

- Tranquebar, India

Henry Plüshau

-Tranquebar in July 1706

-worked with Ziegenbalg to develop major principles of mission work

a. Church ad School go together. Read the Bible.

b. Bible must be available in their language

c. Preaching based on accurate knowledge of people

d. Aim: definite personal conversion

e. ASAP Indian Church, Indian ministry

-Tranquebar, India

Hans Egede

-Greenland

-encountered difficulty leaning Eskimo language and superstition

-Break through by compassion during small pox epidemic

-son Paul continued the work

Christian David

-Thinking Egede was about to leave, Moravians (with David) arrived in Greenland in 1733

-The newcomers pick on the weaknesses of the old , with little regard for what the pioneers have endured

-found speaking of existence of God was not as effective as preaching Christ crucified

Count Zinzendorf, Hernhut

-Christian refugees fleeing persecution fled to Zinzendorf's Hernhut

-began Moravian movement?

-mysticism

John Eliot, Indian Dialogues

-Evangelistic work with Indians began in 1644 with two years of difficult language study (Algonquin) with young Indian Cochenoe

-First preaching was ignored by Indians

-Successive visits to Waban's wigwam using methods of catechism to teach the children

-narration of Christ's love to adults resulted in the first believers whom Eliot purposefully hesitated to baptize until 1651 (after 7 years)

-called for a change in culture among the Indians

-established "Praying Towns" because converts needed to be separated from those having no interest in the gospel

-translated bible and wrote catechism

-trained leadership, involving others in the work, in an unhurried process of church building

-Rising tensions resulted in King Philip's War (Wampanoag chief).

-13 English towns and many settlements devastated

-some praying Indians sided with the whites as scouts and fighters to tip war in favor of settlers

-highly under suspicion, praying Indians banished to Deer Island where many died of starvation and illness

-Eliot brought what he could to help

Indian Dialogues

-Written in English as an apology in which the Christian is at first ridiculed and makes a firm courageous defense

-subliminal messages to the English that evangelization of the Indians would be less hindered if only the English Christians would live out their beliefs

-Piumbukhou is unsuccessful in reaching his relatives until he shows piety in thankfulness to God in prayer. Perhaps this was an indirect way of Eliot's training his Indians not to talk so much as to live and model Christianity before others

David Brainerd

-his story inspired missionaries for centuries, including William Carey and Henry Martyn

-worked among natives at the bay colony

-then in Pennsylvania within the forks of the Delaware river

-dealt with depression

-died of tuberculous which he gave to Jerusha whom he planned to marry

-Known for his diary and biography

-Kicked out of Yale for insulting a prof

-Missionary to the Indians, but seemed to have no progress. Ill and depressed.

Marcus & Narcissa Whitman

-Narisssa: well eucated, bright, career minded, taught kindergarden, but her heart was in missions

-Marcus: began riding with a doctor at 21 (lacked funds to go to seminary)

-Married after survey trip, got to the Great Divide and turned around

-Married one day and left the next for Missouri

-both influenced by recruiter Samuel Parker

-worked with the Cayuse

-fired at by Indians

-Illness

-Crashed wagon and lost belongings

-disagreement with team members

-pressures of time on travel

-danger of snow and Indians

-lost their daughter

- attitudes toward Indians: uncivilized, more concerned about teaching them manners, Christianizing and Civilizing believed to go hand in hand

LMS

London Missionary Society 1795

Interdenominational

CMS

Church Missionary Society 1799

Anglican

ABCFM

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 1810

CIM

China Inland mission

William Carey, Serampore Trio

1. Unqualified: uneducated, poor, working class (cobbler), had a dogged determination

2. Born in 1761, Father a weaver, dreamed to be a gardener, converted at 21 by Baptist dissenters

3. Married to master's sister-in-law Dorothy- -initially refused to go, determined to go without her, left but trip ended at Portsmouth, finally left with reluctant with June 13, 1793, later became "wholly deranged" after death of her son

4. unable to give children the fathering they needed, indulgent and incapable of discipline

5. Serampore Trio with Marshalls and Wards

6. india

Adoniram and Nancy Judson

-first american foreign missionary

-Wife's name: Ann Hasseltine(Nancy)

-friend of Samuel Mills

-sending agency: American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions

-baptism: while at sea Bible study led to conviction that immersion baptism of adults was necessary for salvation (lost support of ABCFM, replaced by baptist support)

-where they worked: India then Burma

-Difficulties of life in Rangoon: Nancy's miscarriage, no European community, no caste system, poverty stricken land, sense of oppression, Felix Carey left

-Qualities and language learning: Burmese language very difficult and complex, Nancy caught on quickly working among the women

-Why evangelism was difficult in

Burma: had no concept of an eternal God who personally cared about humankind, lost teammates to disease and death

-Good method of evangelism- Zayat: shelter open to anyone who wanted to rest or discuss the day's events

-Imprisoned during war

-Rediscovery of faith after time of depression following wife's death

-Time before first furlough: 33 years

-Experience of sharing gospel in US: everyone wanted to hear about exotic places but he preached the gospel

Bartolomeo Las Casas

-worked as a missionary in South America and defended the rights of the native people

-suggested Indians be replaced with Africans because they were heartier

-What was initially a temporary measure became and endless practice necessary to replace the sick and the dying

Alaudah Equiano

-"The life of Alauda Equiano or, Gustavus Vass, the African"

-published what went on in the West Indian colonies

-former slave writes well quoting poets and demonstrating knowledge of scripture

-dressed in civilized fashion to show that the African is capable and impressive

David George

-In Jamaica one powerful evangelist appeared named George Liele. Had been a slave. He had been a soldier in the British army and then sent to Jamaica. Under his leadership Baptist churches grew on plantations.

-Before Liele had left Georgia his assistant was David George who accompanied a large contingent that was taken to Nova Scotia

1. Virgin forest difficult to cultivate

2. Cold

3. Becomes the base for large group of demobilized soldiers

4. George became a well known Baptist preacher

Clapham Sect

group in English parliament that wanted to make the slave trade illegal

Henry Venn and Rufus Anderson

1.Venn (Anglican) and Anderson (Congregationalist) reacted against domination by foreigners of missions.

2.Argued that the "mission was just scaffolding," i.e. temporary. Advocated "the euthanasiam of mission" by making churches "self-supporting, self-propagating, and self-governing."

3.But also argued for the Three C's: Christianization, Civilization, and Commerce and the institutions within mission stations that represented those goals.

4.Problems?

- Incompatible with "3 selves."

- Difficult to transfer leadership to nationals.

Robert and Mary Moffat

-patriarch of South African Missions

-evangelist, translator, educator, diplomat, and explorer

-father in law of David Livingstone

-gardener

-rejected by the LMS then accepted

-worked with Hottentot Cheif Afrikaner

-then in Kuruman with the Bechunas

-failure to learn the language at first

-philosophy of "Bible and plough"

David Livingstone

-hero of Victorian England

-frail, temperamental, serious personality flaws

-background in theology and medicine

-LMS

-influence by Moffat to go to north of Africa

-sent family back to England

-primarily an explorer but never abandoned evangelism

-believed only a combination of "commerce and Christianity" could save Africa

Henry Stanley

-reporter who stayed with David Livingstone

-He explored Africa from Mombasa to the mouth of the Congo.

-His writings inspired a rush to Africa to do mission work.

999 Day Expedition

Henry Stanley 999 Day Expedition:

Crossed Africa from Mombasa to the mouth of the Congo River. Costly:

a.3 Europeans and 356 Africans at the start,

b.only 82 at the end.

-Stanley hated Africa and feared its people, especially cannibals.

-Willing to fire upon Africans in his quest.

-Monumental achievement leading to establishment of the Livingstone Inland Mission:

c. undenominational society

d.seven stations along the Congo

e.perilous and short lived.

George Grenfell

-Inspired by Livingstone to go to Africa

-Baptist Missionary Society

-3 year apprenticeship on Cameroons

-Pioneer work on Congo River

-hoped to pave way for network of mission stations across Africa

-lived aboard the Peace

-goal in working along the Congo river: to establish a network of mission stations that crossed the continent based on Stanley's 999 day exploration.

Alexander Mackay

-230 mile road from the coast to Lake Victoria

-Preaching among people of Mtesa and the Baganda people

-Well received by the people and children wanted to learn to read.

-Translated and printed the Scriptures.

-1882 first baptisms

-86 in the church after two years.

-Expelled, works in Tanganyika, and dies of malaria in 1890.

-commissioned by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) to go to Africa

-engineer and jack of all trades

-constructed 230 mile road from Coast to Lake Victoria

-taught the Baganda people

-then the Tanganyika in Uganda

Mary Slessor

1.Grew up in Scotland

-troubled family with alcoholic father

-work in the textile mills while schooling

-home missions with Presbyterian church taking her stand against "foul mouthed thugs" 2.Approved by the Calabar Mission

-her mother hoped that her brother John would be a missionary.

-John dies and she happily goes in his place.

-1875 applies to the mission board

-works in Calabar (Nigeria) at Duke town.

- doesn't fit in with the high society missionaries and bored with the routine of the work.

-after three years took furlough

3.Return to Old Town, Calabar

-own lifestyle in mud hut

-preaching circuit

-schools supervised

-opposed witch craft and twin murder

-adopted children

4.Up-Country Okoyong

-Considered an exercise in insanity for a single woman to go where white men had failed.

-pioneer work a success as she posed no threat.

-25 years of work

-peace maker

-vice-consul

-presided over court cases.

5.Didn't marry beau (Charles Morrison) 18 years younger because his health wouldn't permit him to join her.

6.Personality:

-irregular, thus suited to African work

-clingy cotton garments

-lived native suffering malaria and boils

7.Later in life:

-Worked with in Itu with the Ibo people

-Janie, oldest daughter a great asset

-died at 66 after 40 years of work in 1915.

Robert Morrison

1. Robert Morrison's method or circumstances of learning Chinese:Studied Chinese in secret with Roman Catholic converts who carried lethal poison to avoid torture if caught, strict surveillance of the evangelism forbidding EIC

2. race to translate the Bible:

-Robert Morris translated the Bible into Chinese with "tireless energy"

-Discouraged that fellow "christians" would act so over his translation of the Bible

-Competed with Marshman (in Serampore for the first publication of first Chinese Bible

-Marshman won the race with an inferior translation

-Morrison's went through revisions and was accepted as the pioneer translation

3.

-first protestant missionary to China

-promised not to begin missions while his mother lived

-LMS missionary

-translator for East India Trading Company

-never openly a missionary

-secretly translated Bible

-had 10 converts after 27 years

Opium Wars

1. Matter of economics. Brits found importing opium from India very profitable.

2. Brits ignored emperor's ban in 1836

3. 1839 England forced ports open with military force.

4. Opium War ended: Brits won

-Treat of Nanking 1842

-Hong Kong to Britian

-5 Ports open to foreign trade.

5. Mission leaders thought China should be opened even at cost of military intervention.

6. 1850's opium legalized, Christian missionaries rushed in with open market.

Karl Gützlaff

The Gützlaff Plan: Karl F. A. Gutzlaff

- Plan to pay Chinese workers to go to interior. -300+ workers claimed thousands of baptisms and great success

-They were frauds, never traveling farther than Hong Kong,

a. Squadering money.

b. Selling the same printed materials to him again and again.

-Gützlaff knew but didn't admit failure during tour to Europe.

-Work was a failure but people did become aware of 18 Chinese provinces.

-Netherland Missionary Scoiety

-worked in Indonesia and reached out to Chinese refugees

-worked shortly in Thailand

-distributed literature along Chinese coast eventually moving inland

-Chinese dress and fluent in the language

-trained Chinese evangelists- turned out to be a grand hoax

T'ai P'ing Rebellion

massive rebellion or civil war in China fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Christian millenarian movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom between 1850 to 1864.

Hudson Taylor

-sights set on evangelizing the whole of China

-studied medicine

-rigorous program of self denial

-adopted Chinese dress and culture

-started the China Inland Mission (CIM)

Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion (1900) meant persecution and martyrdom for 91 C.I.M. missionaries.

Student Volunteer Movement

1.Officially organized in 1888 with John Mott as chairman.

2.Organized a conference every four years, first in Cleveland in 1891 with 558 students in attendance. By 1920 almost 7000 attended the convention in Des Moines, IA.

3.In fifty years of existence, the SVM saw approx. 100,000 sign the pledge card, about 20,000 actually went to the mission field.

4.The SVM began to fade under influence of "Social Gospel" movement which discouraged evangelism in favor of "social" ministries. Only 465 attended the 1940 convention in Des Moines. SVM merged with other organizations in 1959 which eventually dissolved.

Faith Missions

-relied on God

- didn't ask for monetary support

Jonathan Goforth

-China his base, Korea, and Manchuria

-"open house" evangelism

-itinerant ministry

Henry Nott

-LMS missionary from Birmingham, England, sailed on the Duff (a missions ship) with group of vocational missionaries bound for Tahiti and Tonga. (Nott was a bricklayer.)

-Survived defections, disease, and war to befriend King Pomare of Tahiti,

1. hedonistic and authoritarian king, though important ally.

2. offered 2,000 human sacrifices

3 Pomare II, 1804

a. tutored him in Western education

b. led eventually to King's (questionable) conversion.

c. Pomare II then traveled around the islands encouraging (coercing?) people to destroy local gods and become Christian.

d. denounced gods before 5,000 people, then slipped back into old way of life.

- Marriage with native wife annulled, but marriage made by the LMS was with a "godly young woman."

1. perfect curvature

2. capable of many vices: drunkenness, abuse of her husband,

the Duff

Missions ship

Hiram Bingham

-led first Hawaiian mission

.Inspired by a native at Yale (Obookiah)

-sailed with crew

-found crying on steps of Yale made profession of faith

-became ill and died in 1818, stirred scores of New Englanders.

2.Rush to the Mission Field:

-The dream was of a new commonwealth.

- Six of seven couples, quickly married and shipped off.

-Task: You are to open your hearts wide and set your marks high. You are to aim at nothing short of covering these islands with fruitful fields, and pleasant dwellings and schools and churches, and of raising up the whole people to an elevated state of Christian civilization.

3.Welcome:

- staggering reality of degradation

-welcomed warmly in Hawaii

-new king had come to power, idolatry and human sacrifice recently outlawed

4.Resistance:

-work ethic

-puritan morality (they had more than 20 words for sexual activity/adultery). p 205

-Clothes became allurement

-sailors (outrage by the Dolphin crew).

5.Work and success:

-Sybil's school

-"Conversion" of Kapiolani, a chieftainess, was questionable.

a. Showed disdain for goddess Pele by desecration of volcanic mountain.

b. Testified to the power of Jehovah.

6.Other distractions:

- materialism—self support or enrichment?

- influx of RC lenient missionaries, made self-sacrifice and required less.

7.Inspired Michener's Hawaii which exaggerates the mistakes these missionaries made.

Father Damien

1. Belgian priest served lepers at Kalawao, a leper colony on Hawaiian island of Molokai.

2. Controversial figure due to his hot temper and his reputation for being a loner; defended in a famous letter published by Robert Louis Stevenson who had visited Molokai after Damien's death.

3. Contracted leprosy in early 1880s, died in 1889, buried next to his church. Body was moved to Belgium in 1936. Damien was beatified in 1994. Excerpts from Damien the Leper, p. 229-242.

Lottie Moon

1. American missionary to China 1872-1912, among first single female missionaries in Southern Baptist Convention.

2.Rejected marriage proposal of seminary professor because of his liberal views.

3.Went beyond traditional role of female missionaries (teaching school) and evangelized, too.

4.Her letters and articles published in Baptist periodicals led to establishment of annual Lottie Moon Christmas offering, the main missions fund-raising event in S. Baptist church. ($3,000 in 1888; $82 million in 1993)

5.She criticized her fellow Baptists

- for their lack of involvement in missions,

- their endless doctrinal disputes,

- and their bigotry which, she said, was evident in their sending missionaries to Africa while enslaving Africans in America.

6. S. Baptist became one of the largest missionary-sending bodies in the world, in part because of her influence.

7.She survived Boxer Rebellion of 1900-1901 but died, depressed and malnourished, on a boat in Kobe, Japan on Christmas Eve 1912, on her way to the USA

Amy Carmichael

1. Irish-born missionary,

- initially member of Keswick movement, a Holy Spirit-centered revival movement in England.

- Remembered for the beauty of her character.

2. Spent 55 years in India

- mainly working with children she rescued from temple service (i.e. prostitution) in an austere compound she founded called Dohnavur Fellowship.

-formed Sisters of the Common Life—Protestant religious order for women.

3. Her mystical experiences made her a controversial figure in missions circles.

4.Her many books made her a household name in U.K. in first half of 20th century.

5.She was an invalid for last 20 years of her life due to a fall and arthritis. Died in India at age 83.

Gladys Alyward

1.British-born missionary, former housemaid, rejected by C.I.M. for being unqualified for missionary service.

2.Got a job as live-in maid in London. First day on job, laid her Bible and her money (two pennies) on bed and cried, "O God, here's my Bible, here's my money, here's me. Use me, O God!"

3.Went to China independently; arrived after harrowing journey on Trans-Siberian railway.

-Identified with Chinese, learning Mandarin

-working in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness and becoming a citizen in 1936.

- Breakthrough in otherwise unreceptive area came with government appointment to enforce new laws against traditional foot binding.

-Cared for orphans during tumultuous Communist uprising of 1930s, led 100 of them across mountains to safer province in 1940.

4.Forced to leave China during WWII, spent life after war caring for orphans at Gladys Aylward Children's Home in Taiwan.

5.Her Chinese nickname was Ai-weh-deh = "The Virtuous One."

Helen Roseveare

1.Medical missionary to Congo with World Evangelization Crusade.2.Survived rape and other trials during Simba rebellion of the 1960s.3.Nicknamed "Mama Luka" by her African friends (after Luke, the NT physician)

Samuel Mills

-While enrolled at Williams College in 1806, he and four friends prayed about their own missionary obligation under a haystack

-founded Society of Brethren

-founded American Board of Commissioners for Foreign missions

-served brief term as a domestic missionary to poor in Mississippi and New York City

Robert Wilder

- Son of Royal Wilder, missionary to India

- Organized Princeton Foreign Missionary Society promoting missions among fellow students.

- Participated with 250 other students in month-long Bible conference organized by D. L. Moody in July 1886 at Mt. Hermon, Mass.

- 100 of them signed Mt. Hermon Pledge committing themselves to missions. "It is my purpose, if God permits, to become a foreign missionary." (Also known as the Princeton Pledge)

D.L. Moody

-converted as a teenager in a Congregationalist Sunday school

-moved to Chicago as a business man: established a youth Sunday school which became the Illinois St. Church (non-denominational) called Moody Bible church now

-Traveled widely in U.S. and U.K. conducting revival meetings with goal of evangelizing "the world in this generation"

-Established Chicago Evangelization Society (later Moody Bible Institute) which has trained more missionaries than any other institution in the world

-100 students at a month long bible conference organized by D.L. Moody in July 1886 at Mt. Herman, Mass. signed the Mt. Herman Pledge committing themselves to missions, "It is my purpose, if God permits, to become a foreign missionary.

John Mott

-raised a methodist, he was among the Mt. Herman Hundred who signed the missionary pledge

-never actually served as a missionary, but he promoted missions through worldwide travels for SVM and YMCA

-Helped organize Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910, first ecumenical international missionary conference of its kind

Cambridge Seven

-Seven high-profile students at Cambridge who were influenced by Hudson Taylor and D.L. Moody to abandon other pursuits and commit to missions

-all seven spent several months touring churches and schools in British Isles before sailing to China in 1885. Many of them killed during the Boxer Rebellion

C.T. Studd

-missionary to China, India, and Africa

-one of the Cambridge seven

-Student Volunteer Movement

-worked 18 hour days

Samuel Zwemer

-known as the Apostle to Islam, spent most of his life as Reformed Church missionary in Cairo and Arabia though he only witnessed a handful of conversions

-his knowledge and sympathy of Islam, coupled with strong conviction about exclusiveness of Christ , reflected in his journal Muslim World

E. Stanley Jones

-Methodist missionary to India, graduate of Asbury Seminary (kentucky)

-Targeted intelligentsia of India (including Gandhi) and won a hearing (though few converts) through Christian Ashram movement

-his speaking and writing in USA led to increased interest in mission after WWII

ACMS

The American Christian Missionary Society

Establishment:

- "The establishment of this society marked the climax of years of intense effort on the part of Alexander Campbell to urge the brotherhood to found some kind of a general organization through which the entire brotherhood could cooperate to evangelize the world."

Alexander Campbell

founded ACMS

James T. Barclay background, motivation, profession, first work in Jerusalem, reason for move to and experience in Bethlehem, conditions of second tour of work in Jerusalem.

1.Barclay's background.

-Grandfather early settler of country

-Father moderately wealthy.

-A graduate of Staunton Academy, VA.

-Medical school of University of Penn.

-Married Julia Ann Sowers.

-Bought and restored Jefferson's Monticello.

- Originally Presbyterian, he had an inclination toward doing missions in China.

- He stayed in USA out of respect for his mother until she died.

-He and his wife were baptized by R. L. Coleman, Barclay established a church in his home in Washington. Then later they met at the fire station and eventually city hall.

2.Source of motivation and convictions:

- At home his wife was reading Romans 11 and his children were playing.

- He thought: "Our constant prayer is for the fulfillment of the promises contained in that chapter.

-"I have been reflecting on the question whether we can pray with confidence for anything which we are not willing to lend our aid for the accomplishment of...We have all been praying for the conversion for the Jews; yet no one has stepped forward to engage in the work.

- "If the end is to be gained, someone must commence the undertaking. Shall, I, if I obtain the cheerful cooperation of my family."

3.Selection:He was selected early in 1850.

- Some voiced opposition to Barclay because he had been a slave holder. (Note that the Missionary Society had a very pro-North and anti-slavery bend).

4.The trip to Jerusalem:

-Departed September 14, 1850, boarding the Devonshire, sailed for Europe.

-He encountered rough seas, got ill, and 21 days later arrived to London, Left london on the Hebe.

- He then sailed for Malta, then boarded a steamer to Beirut, and then by horseback through Tyre, Sidon, Ptolemais, and Joppa to Jerusalem arriving Jan. 10, 1851.

5.Funding:

-$881.88 to Barclays to start trip, another $500 sent.

- Domestic mission work needed but neglected because all available funds were going to Barclays,

- There was an unacted upon motion to send one to Pacific, since California growing.

6.Barclays First Work in Jerusalem:

- 12 Baptisms in Jerusalem first year.

- General conditions of the so-called Christian section of the city were so deplorable that not one Mohammedan had been converted to Christianity (in general sense of the word) but many Christians had been converted Mohammedianism.

- Preached and acted also as a physician.

6. Reported:

-2,000 cases of sickness treated in first year. First mission work of the churches of Christ was a medical mission.

7.Bethlehem:

- Dec. 1852, he rec'd word from Bethlehem that 600 wanted to become Christians "en masse".

- Barclay objected on the ground that they hadn't been sufficiently taught.

- Started school in Bethlehem,

a.opposition mounted against school, people refused to attend.

b.Miss Mary Williams over the school.

c.Son, Robert over hospital. School didn't last long because of enticements and persecutions both from Catholics and threats from Jews. Catholics placed a doctor in the city and threatened those who went to Barclay's clinic and soon the hospital closed.

8.Overall Evaluation:

-Bought piece of property from Sheiks of Wady Farah. In the end they didn't have a title, so he lost out on the deal. Had wanted to erect refuge for the poor.

- First three years had baptized 22. Funds came slowly. Barclay's physical condition worsened.

- 1854 Jerusalem Mission closed, Barclay was brought home.

9.Barclay's second work in the Holy Land:

- James T. Barclay, City of the Great King, published in 1858 after four hears of work.

-1856 Barclay approached AC with suggestion of reopening Jerusalem mission.

-Found passage finally from Boston to Joppa, May 26, 1858.

-Found all except two converts gone. Conditions deplorable.

-In December he found a home but contracted rheumatism.

-In May a malaria epidemic hit Jerusalem. Left Jerusalem making his new home in Joppa.

-Daughter married giving birth to twins who died.

- 1860 revolt between tribes on Mt. Lebanon, and as a doctor he was very busy.

- During the Civil War in America, funds ran out, forcing the closure of Jerusalem Mission.

- According to convention reports, "Funds low... church too worldly."

Alexander Cross

-Alexander Campbell wrote to promote a mission in Africa as well as Asia (Liberia and Jerusalem).

- In the "land of Ham as well as land of Shem" Ephraim Smith had volunteered to visit Africa and survey Liberia.

-Alexander Cross, liberated slave to go with him. a.D. S. Burnet had heard from KY Christian that they had the man for the task.

b.This Christian: "had overhead a certain negro addressing his slaves sometime before on the subject of temperance. This negro showed an unusual amount of intelligence."

c.Burnet wrote back to the brethren in that county recommending that the freedom of Cross be purchased at once."

d.Church at Hopkinsville began putting the "negro" through training course to help him to become more familiar with the Scriptures.

David Lipscomb

-Gospel Advocate —by David Lipscomb

-Nashville Bible School— joint effort of Lipscomb and Harding

James A. Harding

-Nashville Bible School— joint effort of Lipscomb and Harding

-Potter Bible College— joint effort of Harding and Armstrong. Some of the earliest missionaries to Japan attending school here.

- Harding College

e.Morrilton, 1924

f.Searcy

J.N. Armstrong

- Gospel Herald— by J. N. Armstrong

- Potter Bible College— joint effort of Harding and Armstrong. Some of the earliest missionaries to Japan attending school here.

- Cordell Christian College— J. N. Armstrong.

c.Passivist

d.Dow Merritt student here

NBS

Nashville Bible School— joint effort of Lipscomb and Hardinga.James A. Harding: "Hundreds of workers are in the field who have been trained one year or more in these schools [referring to other Christian schools]. They are leading thousands to Christ every year, and are planting many churches. The work is vast and marvelously fruitful. Let us put our lives wholly into the service of God, and so live that our own hearts will not condemn us..."

PBS

Cordell

Cordell Christian College— J. N. Armstrong.

c.Passivist

d.Dow Merritt student here

Harper

Harper College, Harper Kansas

Manifest Destiny

- America's duty=mission

- Indiana Senator Albert Beveridge: "He [God] has marked the American people as His chosen nation to finally lead in the generation of the world. This is the divine mission in America...The judgment of the Master is upon us: 'Ye have been faithful over a few things: I will make you rule over many things.'"

- D. Lipscomb: "The time is on us, as never before in the world's history, for carrying the gospel to all the people. The heathen nations are thrown open to preaching of the gospel as never before. They are brought into contact with the nations that have been made strong and powerful by the presence of the Bible; and if they are not helped, they must be ground out by the stronger arms...These people must be helped quickly if at all. The work of helping and uplifting them must be slow and gradual; but if they will receive and retain it, it will be sure and lasting. ... No people without the Bible ever had a hospital, a school, an asylum to help the needy, the affected, the orphan."

J.M. McCaleb

25 years in Japan

John Sherriff

-New Zealand native

-stonemason

-worked in Capetown South Africa

-Bulawayo Rhodesia

F.L. Hadfield

Rallied others such as F. L. Hadfield to join him. 1.Sherriff called him "an able and faithful preacher...full of the missionary spirit." Mechanic. 35 yrs. old, two children, came to Africa with the promise of $22 per month salary from New Zealand churches.

Dow Merritt

-military medic

-Merritt states that his intent was that he expected to make caring for the sick his work in No. Rhodesia.

-joined the Shorts and Lawyers

Forest Vale

Forest Vale Mission

-Met and worked with the comical Sherriff.

a.hard of hearing,

b.anxious to a shoot a branch off of a tree that he thought was an antler to a deer.

c.interrupted a question/study period between an African and Merritt, and said to the African, you ought to be studying the Gospels (not 1 Corinthians from whence came the question).

- Merritt states that his intent was that he expected to make caring for the sick his work in No. Rhodesia.

Sinde

Sinde Mission

- Arrived to join the Shorts, who had been followed two years later by the Lawyers, and now two years later the Merritts.

- All lived in one house since Lawyers were to soon move north to work with people whose Chief was willing. 150 miles north.

- Mission work:

a."The general idea was that primary schools be set up in villages in the mission's neighborhood to become feeders to a higher school at the mission. The mission school would be a boarding school so that the pupils would have the advantage of a Christian environment while they continued their education. The missionaries planned to develop a responsible African leadership in the church."

Kabanga

Kabanga Mission

-66,000 bricks made for the construction of the school.

-Ended up paying workers a day's pay if they would haul 150 bricks. Before they hauled 80 in nine hours. After they did the 150 and were done by noon.

-Tragedies that befell the Lawyers:

a.Lawyers camp caught fire and everything burned.

b.Ray Lawyers accident

Namwianga

-Shewmakers

-In 1965 a new wave of younger missionaries came to Namwianga.

a.civil rights in America.

b.anti-establishment spirit. training in missions that emphasized more sympathetic view of other cultures and the ideal of identifying with felt needs and aspirations of a people

c.Embraced new relationship between missionary and national. No longer paternal but fraternal

Ray Lawyer

J.C. & Joyce Shewmaker

-Zambia

-Educational missions reflected the method of most Christian missions at the time.

-The Shewmakers were "God-Reliant" and thus practice "faith missions."

-Vocational following the pattern of Harding teachers.

-Motivation: to save the heathen

-Joyce saw herself as an equal partner much the same way that J.N. Armstrong's wife was a full partner with her husband.

-Fear or apprehension about culture: Concern for the kids to have too much contact

with the pagan Africans.

-Namwianga

W.N. Short, A.B. Reese

Wagner & Fujimori

-Wagner: German

-Fujimori drew his interest, converted him

-1895 Wagner and Fujimori went to Japan with Campbell's idea of "colonizing, civilizing, and Christianizing."

-Took in Kawaguchi, former gang thief, taught converted, later supported by Foster St. church.

Eugene Snodgrass

- disciple of McGarvey

-Married to Mattie R. Pemberton,

-4 mos. later sent by Society 1888 to Japan, Shonai then Tokyo in 1889.

-Conflict with Board began because of his unwillingness to use the instrument.

-By 1893 he broke with the society and taught in Kanazawa Government School.

- 1894 return to Japan as independent missionary. printing, school for destitute children.

William J. & Clara Bishop

-Printer

-died of tuberculosis

-Koishikawa and Kanda two congregations in Tokyo, only 2 miles apart,

-Bishops had responded to Snodgrass's appeal for help and for printing.

-Hiratsuka was his "Timothy."

C.C. Klingman

1.Background:

-Conversion during meeting held in Louisville by James A. Harding, entered Potter Bible College in 1901.

-Married Clemmie Bell in Dallas, held meetings. Sought support and left August 15, 1908 from SF, arrived in Yokohama harbor, met by McCaleb. 2.Work:

-Tokyo, Taught in school, preached, in 1910 wrote, "I am so overworked, I feel I am not doing justice to the language, my English Sermons, reports nor my health." His wife Clemmie had TB in 1912, returned to L.A. Clemmie had granulated eyelids and required surgery.

3.Sickness and "defection"

Arriving in SF April 1912, Klingmans ill, together with 4 children. Went to Riverside to see a doctor. Bitterness creeping in he vowed never to return to Japan, nor would he have "the heart to encourage any one else to go." Worked with Japanese in California. Clemmie died Jan. 1916. Left to join the Disciples of Christ.

Tomie Yoshie

1.Background:Presbyterian mission school in 1898, met McCaleb introduced by classmate. Stayed in McCaleb home. "the warmth of their welcome was impressive." Wanted to go to help women in China but McCaleb said, she would be unprepared unless she first accepted Christ. Father's anger caused her to hesitate. Baptized in the river one block from McCaleb's home.

2.1 yr at Potter Bible College, NY Columbia university, worked to support both herself and her parents back in Japan. In Cincinnati visited Don Carlos Janes, and Detroit to visit George Klingman and tell the women of the congregation the story of her conversion. 3.Work:1911 ready to leave. Traveled together with C. G. Vincent. Taught children and worked with women. Supported financially by an anonymous American Christian lady. Tomie taught her own mother 60 school children Zoshigaya.

C.G. Vincent

1.resigned from preaching at Cameron Ave church in Detroit. Raised support, visited Western Bible and Literary College, JN Armstrong's "Conscience Culture." 2.1911 joined in SF with others ready to go:Tomie Yoshie, Yunoshuke Kiratsuke, Bishops, Klingmans 22 missionaries, some bound for china and india. 3.Financial concerns, Vincent "We believe God will supply our needs and that we will reach our field of labor in due season" [faith missions] 4.Wife was quite ill and special house had to be built for her to live in. Funds were very slow to come. 5.1916 health forced retreat to Battle Creek Mich, Sanatorium

Don Carlos Janes

Sarah Andrews

Background:Baptized by J B. Bradly in Dickson, TN 1906. She intended to work within the bounds of NT teaching and would teach women and children and help the sick and the poor. 2.Work1916 arrived in Japan. mastered language. had severe nervous affliction, bu adapted nevertheless, and worked with English speaking students in Tokyo. Her work saw 10 people baptized in less that a year. Planted churches beginning with children and women's Bible studies.Only missionary to stay in Japan during WWII. Under house arrest, weakened by starvation, crawled to tend to Japanese wounded.Returned home after war, very sick, Then back to Japan: "This is my work and my people. I can do more there on a cot than here on my feet." Her favorite verse: Philip. 4:6

Hettie Ewing

1.Went to Japan in response to two verses: "She has done what she could," and "no one who puts the hand to the plow . . ."2.Studied language and culture while working with a Japanese church in L.A.3.Served in Japan from 1926-1957, with time out for ACU and WWII.

George Gurganus

1. Harding graduate, missionary to Japan from 1949-1957, returned to teach missions at Harding, then ACU.2.First missions professor with a Ph.D. (in communication, Penn State). Significant influence in missions education. 3.Edited Guidelines for World Evangelism (1976).

Otis Gatewood

Life summary:a.ACU, then first M.A. graduate from Pepperdine.b.Evangelistic work among Mormons in Salt Lake City.c.First missionary to Germany after WWII, sponsored by Broadway (Lubbock, TX). 1.NOTE: Dramatic increase in number of missionaries after WWII.d.Helped establish Michigan Christian College (now Rochester College) with dream of training missionaries. Hosted first World Missions Workshop there in 1960. e.Moved to Vienna for 29 years where he established International Christian University.During the war urged churches (1942): "If we can send our sons to Germany to kill and destroy, we should also be willing to send them to sacrifice their lives, if need be, to preach the gospel of peace." f.William Green, and elder in Berkeley, CA, pleaded with him to go but Gatewood felt he was already involved in a mission among Mormons which he could not leave.g.1945 Lectureship meeting at Pepperdine. 50 present only two willing to go.

History of Missions, Shawn Daggett, Fall 2017 page 761.Delmar Bunn (who was to study German in Switzerland first)2.Roy Palmer family would go under the condition that another family go as well.3.When no one volunteered, Alma Gatewood piped, "Then we'll go" and Otis agreed. 4.1945 survey trip to Germany with leaders of Broadway church.5.Frankfurt chosen because it was in the American sector and mayor promised help.6.Left NY in 1947, left families in Switzerland, and cont'd on to Germany. h.Work:1.Conditions appalling. 120,000 of 500,000 in Frankfurt had been killed and fighting for every bite to eat.2.Relief work, "impossible to preach to naked and starving people." 3.Teaching4.Boys home5.by 1948 92 had been converted. 6.churches also in Heppenheim, Heidelberg and Munich.i.Other workers arrived:1.Lloyd Collier2.Delmar Bun3.Kathryn Patton4.Herman Ziegert.

George Benson

Howard Norton

1.Popularized team missions in Churches of Christ when, along with Don Vinzant, Howard formed a team of 16 families from ACU to plant churches in Sao Paulo, Brazil beginning in 1961.2.Described their plans and preparation in book he edited, Steps Into the Mission Field (1978).3.Inspired other efforts, such as "Exodus Movement" in which ACU graduates moved to Northeast as vocational ministers to plant churches. 4.Later, some of the team members established "Continent of Great Cities" which recruits missionaries for L. America.

Alexander Campbell's reasoning concerning the missionary society

The church in the aggregate has the responsibility of converting worldChrist gave no divine plan in this sense to functionTherefore the church is left free to devise its own plan. The missionary society was a matter of expediency.