human geo

Define economic inequality in urban areas and provide two examples

Economic inequality refers to the uneven distribution of income, wealth, and resources among residents in urban areas.

Examples of inequality of economic inequality in urban areas

1. Wage disparities between different neighborhoods

2. Unequal access to employment opportunities based on location

What is social segregation in urban contexts?

Social segregation is the physical separation of groups within an urban area based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion, or other social factors. It results in distinct neighborhoods with minimal interaction between different social groups.

Explain two causes of social segregation in urban areas

1. Housing market forces - higher property prices in desirable areas exclude lower-income groups

2. Historical patterns of migration and settlement - immigrant communities clustering together for support networks

How does cultural diversity manifest in urban areas?

• Ethnically distinct neighborhoods or "cultural quarters"

• Multilingual communities and signage

• Diverse religious buildings

• Range of ethnic businesses, restaurants, and cultural festivals

• Variations in architecture and public space use reflecting different cultural practices

Outline three social issues associated with rapid urbanisation in developing countries

1. Housing shortages leading to informal settlements and slums

2. Pressure on public services such as education and healthcare

3. Increased crime rates due to poverty and limited economic opportunities

What is gentrification

Gentrification is the process where wealthier people move into lower-income urban areas, leading to increased property values and changes in neighborhood character.

How does gentrification relate to economic inequality

• Displacing original lower-income residents who can't afford rising costs

• Changing local services to cater to higher-income residents

• Creating "islands" of affluence adjacent to areas of deprivation

 Compare and contrast social segregation patterns in cities of HICs and LICs

HICs (High-Income Countries):

• Often based on income/wealth distinctions

• Can involve subtle, market-driven segregation

• May feature "gated communities" for affluent residents

• Sometimes follows historical patterns of ethnic segregation

LICs (Low-Income Countries):

• More extreme spatial divisions (formal vs informal settlements)

• Often involves rural migrants vs established urban residents

• May reflect colonial legacy spatial planning

• Frequently demonstrates stark infrastructure differences between areas

 Describe two economic issues associated with urbanisation in developed countries

1. Deindustrialization leading to unemployment in certain urban districts

2. Rising housing costs creating affordability crises and homelessness

How might cultural diversity benefit urban economies?

• Promotion of cultural tourism and visitor attractions

• Entrepreneurship and business innovation from diverse perspectives

• International trade connections through diaspora networks

• Creative and cultural industries development

• Enhanced city branding and international competitiveness

Identify three strategies to manage economic inequality in urban areas

1. Progressive taxation systems at local level (higher taxes on luxury properties)

2. Targeted economic development initiatives for deprived neighborhoods

3. Inclusive zoning policies requiring affordable housing in new developments

Explain how transport policies can address social segregation in cities

• Ensuring affordable public transport connects all neighborhoods, including marginalized areas

• Creating transport infrastructure that links isolated communities to employment centers

• Designing inclusive mobility systems that serve elderly and disabled populations

• Implementing fare structures that subsidize transport for lower-income groups

• Improving walking and cycling infrastructure across socioeconomic divides

What is multiculturalism as an urban policy approach?

• Recognition and support of cultural diversity as a positive asset

• Programs promoting intercultural dialogue and understanding

• Protection of minority cultural rights and expressions

• Institutional representation for diverse communities

• Multilingual public services and inclusive planning processes