Ch.6 - med term: the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

lymph/o

lymph

lymphangi/o-

lymphatic vessels and ducts

lympadeno/o-

lymph nodes

tonsil/o, adenoid/o-

tonsils and adenoids

splen/o-

spleen

myel/o-

bone marrow

lymphocyt/o-

lymphocytes

thym/o-

thymus

cervic-

neck

axill-

armpit

inguin-

groin

phag/o-

eat, swallow

immun-

protected

onc-

tumor

tox-

poison

bacilli

rod shaped

staphyl/o-

clusters

strept/o-

twisted chain

vir-

virus

bio-

life

bacteri-

bacteria

fung/o-

fungus

brchy-

short

tom/o-

slice

-therapy

treatment

cocc/o-

spherical bacteria

-cide

causing death

-plasm

new formation

-plast

growth, formation

-genesis

reproduction

Functions of lymphatic system

• Three main functions

  • Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins through lacteals of small intestine

  • Removal of waste products and tissues, and cooperation with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens

  • Returning filtered lymph to veins at the base of the neck

Absorption of facts and fat-soluble vitamins

Villi located in small intestine contain lacteals and blood vessels

Lacteals are specialized to absorb fats not transported by the bloodstream

Lymphatic vessels return them to venous circulation to be used throughout the body as nutrients

interstitial fluid

• Plasma from arterial blood that delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells

  • 90% of this fluid returns to the bloodstream

lymph

• Remaining 10% of interstitial fluid

• Contains electrolytes and proteins

lymphatic circulation

• Depends on pumping motion of muscles to move fluid upward

• Flows in only one direction (upward to the circulatory system at the base of the neck)

• Vessels are not visible, since lymph is a clear fluid

lymphatic capillaries

• Microscopic, blind-ended tubes near the surface of the body

• Brief separation of cells in capillary walls allows lymph to enter capillary

• Closing of these cells in capillary walls forces lymph to flow upward and forward

lymphatic vessels and ducts (2)lymph

• Lymphatic vessels and ducts

  • Valves prevent backward flow of lymph

  • Larger lymphatic vessels join to form two ducts

    • Right lymphatic duct collects lymph from right side of head and neck, upper right quadrant of the body, and right arm and empties into right subclavian vein

    • Thoracic duct collects lymph from left side of head and neck, upper left quadrant of trunk, the left arm, lower portion of trunk, and both legs and empties into left subclavian vein

lymph nodes

Specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens

3 main lymph node groups

• cervical

• axillary

  • inguinal

3 lymph nodes + definitions

• Cervical lymph nodes located along sides of neck

• Axillary lymph nodes located under the arm

• inguinal lymph nodes located in the inguinal area of lower abdomen

lymphocytes

• Leukocytes formed in bone marrow as stem cells

3 types of lymphocytes + definition

• Natural killer cells (aid in killing cancer cells)

• B cells (produce antibodies)

• T cells (play a role in cell-mediated immunity)

cytokines

• Group of proteins released primarily by T cells

  • Begin the immune response

interferons

• Produced in response to antigens

interleukins

• Direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate 

tonsils

• Types include adenoids, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils

• Form protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

• Prevent pathogens from entering respiratory system

thymus gland

• Located above the heart

• Reaches greatest size at puberty and decreases in size with age

veriform appendix

• Hangs over lower portion of cecum

  • Exact purpose unknown, but may play role in immune system

spleen

• Located in left upper quadrant of the abdomen just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach

• Numerous functions include but not limited to

  • Filtering of microorganisms and other foreign material from blood

  • Formation of lymphocytes and monocytes

functions of the immune system

• Protects the body from pathogens, allergens, toxins, or malignant cells

• Destruction of harmful substances that enter the body

• Identification and attack on antigens

intact skin

physical barrier against invading organisms

respiratory system

• system uses Nose hair and moist mucous membranes trap breathed-in foreign matter

digestive system

• system uses Uses acids/enzymes to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

lymphatic system

system uses Specialized leukocytes attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

the Antigen-Antibody Reaction

• Binding of antigens to antibodies

• Labels potentially dangerous antigen so that it is recognized and destroyed

• Tolerance

  • Acquires unresponsiveness to specific antigen

• Antibody

  • Disease-fighting proteins

Immunoglobulins (5 main kinds)

• Bind with specific antigens in antigen–antibody response

• Five primary types

  • Immunoglobulin G (in blood serum and lymph)

  • Immunoglobulin A (produced against ingested antigens)

  • Immunoglobulin M (found in circulating body fluids)

  • Immunoglobulin D (found only on the surface of B cells)

  • Immunoglobulin E (produced in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes; responsible for allergic reactions)

phagocytes

• Specialized leukocytes acting as part of the antigen–antibody reaction

• Destroy cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by phagocytosis

• Include monocytes, macrophages (macro-: large; -phage: a cell that eats), dendritic cells

monocytes

immunological defense against many infectious organisms

macrophage

surrounds and kills invading cells

dendritic cells

patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

complement system

• Group of proteins normally circulating in blood in inactive form

• Combine with antibodies to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells when needed

natural immunity

• Resistance to disease is present without administration of antigen or exposure to disease

• Present at birth or is passed from mother to child through breast milk

acquires immmunity

• Obtained by

  • Having had a contagious disease

  • Being vaccinated against a contagious disease

  • Boost vaccination may be required

allergist

Diagnoses and treats conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

immunologist

Diagnoses and treats disorders of immune system

lymphologist

diagnoses and treats disorders of the lymphatic system

oncologist

Diagnoses and treats malignant disorders

lymphadenitis

Inflammation of lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

Any disease affecting lymph nodes

lymphanigoma

• Benign tumor; abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels; congenital malformation

ruptured spleen

• Medical emergency

  • Covering of spleen is torn

splenorrhagia

bleeding from spleen

splenomegaly

• Abnormal enlargement of spleen

lymphoscintigraphy

• Diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of lymphatic vessels

lymphedema

• Swelling of tissues due to accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues due to inadequate draining of lymph

• Often associated with infections

  • Primary ______

    • Hereditary; swelling begins in feet and progresses upward along the legs

  • Secondary _______

    • Due to damage to lymphatic vessels

bioimpedance spectroscopy

• Noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema

• Measures resistance to electrical current passed along the affected limb

effectiveness of the immune system is dependent on

general health, age, and heredity

allergic reaction

• Body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were a dangerous invader

allergy

• Overreaction by body to particular antigen

allergen

• Substance producing allergic reaction 

localized allergic response

• Redness, itching, burning where skin came into contact with allergen

systemic allergic reaction

• Severe response to allergen

• Also known as anaphylaxis

• Medical emergency

scratch test

• Diagnostic test to identify common allergies

allergen-specific immunoglobulin

• Blood test to determine if person is allergic to a particular substance

antihistamines

• Medications to relieve or prevent symptoms of certain allergies

autoimmune disorders

• Group of diseases 

• Immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues

• May be genetic

immunodeficiency disorders

• Severe combined immunodeficiency

  • Inherited

  • Increased susceptibility to infections and failure to thrive due to infections

HIV

• immunodeficiency disorder

• Blood borne infection 

• Damages T cells

• Causes increased risk of opportunistic infections

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

• Most advanced and fatal stage of HIV infection

• No cure

  • Treatment: combinations of antiretroviral drugs

Kaposi’s sarcoma

• Opportunistic disease frequently associated with HIV

ELISA

• Screens for presence of HIV antibodies 

western blot test

• Produces more accurate results than ELISA HIV test

immunotherapy

• response

  • Treatment of cancers: immune response is stimulated to fight malignancy

  • Treatment of allergies: body’s sensitivity to a particular allergen is repressed

antibody therapy (3)

• Synthetic immunoglobulins

  • Postexposure preventive measure

• Synthetic interferon

  • Treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers

• Monoclonal antibodies

  • Antibodies produced in laboratory by identical offspring of clone of specific cells

immunosuppression

• Immunosuppressant

  • Prevents/reduces body’s normal immune response

• Corticosteroid drug

  • Hormone-like drug used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

• Cytotoxic drug

  • Medication that kills or damages cells

Bacteria

• One-celled microscopic organism

• Most are not pathogenic

• Pathogenic bacteria include, but not limited to

  • Bacilli (rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria)

    • (bacilli: rod shaped)

  • Anthrax (transmitted through livestock)

  • Rickettsia (lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites)

  • Spirochetes (spiral-shaped bacteria; capable of movement)

pathogenic bacteria

• Lyme disease (transmitted by bite of a tick)

• Staphylococci (group of 30 species shaped like clusters)

  • Staphylococcus aureus (infects wounds)

• Streptococci (bacteria that form a chain)

antibiotic resistant bacteria

• Occur when surviving bacteria become resistant to a particular drug

• Example

  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

    • Difficult to treat; can be fatal

fungus

• Parasitic organism

• Can be harmless or pathogenic

yeast

• Infections occur on skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist area

Caused by pathogenic yeast Candida albicans