Year 10 Chemical Substances Notes - Sol

Chemical Substances

Refers to the different types of matter that make up the world around us, including elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Metallic Bonding

The type of chemical bonding that occurs in metals, where electrons are delocalized and shared among all the atoms in the metal structure.

Ionic Compounds

Compounds composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces, typically formed between a metal and a non-metal.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, usually water, to form a homogeneous solution.

Polyatomic Ions

Ions composed of multiple atoms covalently bonded together and carrying a net electric charge.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Hydrogen

The chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.

Helium

The chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2.

Lithium

The chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3.

Beryllium

The chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4.

Gold

The chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79.

Boron

The chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5.

Carbon

The chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6.

Nitrogen

The chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7.

Oxygen

The chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.

Fluorine

The chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9.

Argon

The chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus, increasing across the Periodic Table from left to right and decreasing down the table.

Reactivity

The tendency for a substance to undergo a chemical reaction, with more reactive metals losing electrons easily and more reactive non-metals gaining electrons easily.

Thermal Conductivity

The ability of a material to conduct heat.

Electrical Conductivity

The ability of a material to conduct electricity.

Tensile Strength

The resistance of a material to breaking under tension.

Malleability

The property of a material that allows it to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking.

Lustrous

Having a shiny and reflective surface.

Metallic Bonding

The bonding model that explains the properties of metals based on the attraction between metal cations and delocalized electrons.

Ionic Compounds

Compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

Regular Lattice

A repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions or atoms in a solid.

Ionic Compound

A compound composed of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) held together by electrostatic forces.

Subscript

A number written to the right of an element's symbol indicating the number of atoms of that element in a compound.

Neutral Charge

The overall charge of an ionic compound is zero, achieved by balancing the positive and negative charges.

Cross-over Method

A technique used to determine the chemical formula of an ionic compound by swapping the charges of the ions.

Lattice

The regular arrangement of ions in an ionic compound.

Ionic Bonding

The electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions in an ionic compound.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor or gas state.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

Malleable

Capable of being hammered or pressed into different shapes without breaking.

Ductile

Capable of being drawn into thin wires.

Crystal

A solid material whose atoms are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating pattern.

Ionic Bonding

A type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound.

Brittle

Easily broken or shattered.

Conductivity

The ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat.

Electrostatic Force

The force between electrically charged objects like ions.

pH Value

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 to 14.

Acid

A substance that donates a proton or accepts an electron pair in reactions.

Base

A substance that accepts protons or releases hydroxide ions in reactions.

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.

Polyatomic Ion

An ion composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded that carries a charge.

Coefficient

A number placed in front of a chemical formula in a balanced chemical equation to indicate the number of molecules or atoms involved.

Precipitation Reaction

A reaction in which an insoluble solid forms and separates from the solution.

Law of Conservation of Energy

The principle that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy to the surroundings.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings.

Energy Changes

Refers to the transfer of energy during exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Baking Soda

Sodium hydrogen carbonate, with the chemical formula NaHCO3.

Vinegar

Acetic acid solution used in various chemical reactions.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases like carbon dioxide and methane that contribute to global warming when released into the atmosphere.