compensatory damages
A money award equivalent to the actual value of injuries or damages sustained by the aggrieved party.
punitive
punish the defendant/wrong doer and deter others; only reserved for truly egregious behavior or reprehensible behavior.
Usually involving intentional torts
torts
A civil wrong not arising from a breach of contract. A breach of a legal duty that proximately causes harm or injury to another.
legislatvie caps
some states have limited the amount of damages (both punitive and general) that can be awarded for various claims
The tortfeasor
the one committing the act
general damages
nonquantifiable loss. Pain & suffering; physical & emotional damage; loss of companionship; loss of consortium; disfigurement; loss of reputation
special damages
quantifiable loss. Lost wages; medical expenses; replacement items
comparative negligence
who was most at fault for the injury
battery
unexcused and harmful or offensive. physical contact intentionally performed. Physical injury not needed
false imprisonment
is the intentional confinement or restraint of another’s person’s activity without justification.
Could involve physical barriers, physical restraint; or threats of physical violence
Common issue-shoplifter
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
acts that are so extreme and outrageous resulting in emotional distress
May be protected by free speech
Defamation
involves the wrongful hurting of one’s character or reputation
Libel- when done in written format
Slander- when done orally
transferred intent
when an individual intends to hurt one person but unintentionally hurts someone else
Throwing a punch, at person A but missing and striking person B
publication requirement
the statements need to be communicated to another person
3rd party merely by chance overhears the statement-probably not actionable (no publication)
Restating a publication can be actionable against both individuals
Watch for Retweets and forwarding emails
Libel
(written)- if established general damages are presumed as a matter of law
Individuals can be compensated for nonspecific harms
Disgrace or dishonor; humiliation; emotional distress;
Need NOT show harmed in a specific way
slander
(spoken)- the plaintiff must establish special damages to recover
Must show actual economic harm or $ loss
slander per se
is an exception to the proving special damages
statement of fact
general legal issue is the statement fact or opinion?
Opinions generally protect under the 1st Amendment
Mike is cheater, Liar, and a criminal
I think Mike is a jackass
slander per se circumstances
A person has a “loathsome disease”
Sexually transmitted disease
A person has committed improprieties while engaged in a profession or trade;
A person has committed or has been imprisoned for a serious crime; or
A person is promiscuous
false light
publication of information that places an individual in false light
Appropriation of identify
using a person’s name, image, or likeness for commercial purposes without permission
Hiring a look like for advertising purposes
Misrepresentation
leads one to believe in a condition that is different from the condition that exists
Fraudulent misrepresentation
involves intentional deceit for personal gain:
Negligent Misrepresentation
no knowledge of the falsity
Puffery
(seller’s talk)- requires knowledge of untruth
Malicious Prosecution
if party sues with malicious and without a legitimate legal reason and loses, they can be sued
Abuse of Process
is using the legal process against someone outside of the intended purpose as a form of punishment/harassment
Business torts
Involve wrongful interference with another’s business rights
Interference with a Business Relations
unreasonably interfering with another’s business to gain a great market share.
liability for harm
under common law liable for harm caused to the land & the trespasser could not sue the owner if injured
Trespass to Chattel
- is when an individual wrongfully takes or harms the personal property of another or interferes with its use and enjoyment
conversion
any act that deprives an owner of personal Property w/out the owners permission
Slander of Quality
publication of false information about another’s product or alleging it cannot perform as the owner claims.
Slander of Title
when a publication falsely denies, or casts doubt on the another’s legal ownership of the property.
Negligence
occurs when someone is injured because of another’s failure to live up to a duty of care.
Reasonable Person Standard
the Court ask how would a reasonable person acted in the same circumstances
Duty of Landowners
landowners are expected to exercise reasonable care to protect individuals coming onto their land
Duty to Warn
Business owners have a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect customers or business invitees.
The Duty of Professionals
people who possess a superior knowledge, skill, or training are held to a higher standard of care
Proximate Cause
looks what was foreseeable
It asks the question whether or nor the injuries sustained were foreseeable or were to remotely connected to the incident to trigger liability
Causation in fact
but for test
Cause and effect- did the bad act cause the injury or would it have happened any way
Good Samaritan Laws
protect individuals from liability who aid voluntarily
These laws were passed to protect medical professional who volunteer in emergency situations
Dram Shop Acts
Bar owners and bartenders liable when intoxicated individuals cause injuries
A plaintiff must show:
Duty, Breach, Causation, Damages
Contributory Negligence
When an injured party is in any way negligent for the accident they suffered, they cannot recover damages
Superseding Cause
unforeseen intervening event
Example-just before after libelous statement is published plaintiff dies
Comparative Negligence
each is assessed relative negligence