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George Washington
First President of the United States, leader during the Revolutionary War, and presided over the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Thomas Paine
Author of "Common Sense" and "The American Crisis," which urged Americans to fight for independence from Britain.
King George III
The King of Great Britain during the American Revolution, whose policies led to the colonies' push for independence.
Thomas Jefferson
Third President of the United States, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and leader of the Democratic-Republican Party.
Alexander Hamilton
First Secretary of the Treasury, co-author of the Federalist Papers, and founder of the Federalist Party.
Benjamin Franklin
Founding Father, key diplomat during the Revolutionary War, and co-author of the Declaration of Independence.
James Madison
Fourth President of the United States, known as the "Father of the Constitution" for his role in drafting the document.
John Adams
Second President of the United States, a key advocate for independence and a co-author of the Declaration of Independence.
Paul Revere
Patriot and silversmith, famous for his midnight ride to warn of British troop movements before the Battle of Lexington and Concord.
Loyalists
Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution.
Patriots
Colonists who supported independence from Britain during the American Revolution.
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams, an early advocate for women's rights and education, and a trusted advisor to her husband.
Committees of Correspondence
A network of communication among American colonies to spread information about British actions and organize resistance.
Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
Conflict (1756-1763) between Britain and France in North America, which resulted in British victory but left Britain with significant debt.
Stamp Act
A 1765 British law that imposed a tax on printed materials in the American colonies, leading to widespread protests.
Intolerable/Coercive Acts
A series of punitive laws passed by Britain in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, including the closing of Boston's port.
The Revolutionary War
War (1775-1783) between Great Britain and its American colonies, leading to the creation of the United States of America.
Election of 1800
Controversial presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties.
XYZ Affair
A diplomatic incident in 1797-1798 in which French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats, leading to anti-French sentiment.
Quasi-War
An undeclared naval war between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, resulting from the XYZ Affair.
Boston Massacre
Incident on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers killed five colonists, inflaming anti-British sentiments.
Stamp Act Crisis
A period of protests and boycotts in response to the 1765 Stamp Act, which taxed printed materials in the colonies.
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest in which American colonists, disguised as Native Americans, dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to oppose the Tea Act.
Proclamation of 1763
A British law forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, intended to prevent conflict with Native Americans.
The French Revolution
Revolution in France (1789-1799) that overthrew the monarchy, led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and influenced American politics.
Shay’s Rebellion
A 1786-1787 uprising in Massachusetts by struggling farmers protesting economic injustices and weak government under the Articles of Confederation.
Whiskey Rebellion
A 1794 uprising in western Pennsylvania in protest of a federal excise tax on whiskey, which was suppressed by President Washington’s forces.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, influencing American thought.
Deism
A religious philosophy that emerged in the Enlightenment, advocating a rational, non-interventionist God.
National Bank
The Bank of the United States, established in 1791 to stabilize and improve the nation's credit and facilitate the handling of government funds.
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of the Constitution who favored a decentralized government and feared the potential for tyranny in a strong central government.
Democratic-Republican Party
Political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, advocating for states' rights and a limited federal government.
Alien and Sedition Acts
1798 laws aimed at restricting immigration and curbing criticism of the government, which were highly controversial and led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions supported by adams administration.
Loose constructionism
Interpretation of the Constitution that allows for broader federal powers and a flexible understanding of its provisions.
Strict/Broad constructionism
Emphasizes a narrow, literal interpretation of the Constitution, while broad constructionism allows for more expansive powers.
NJ Plan
Proposal at the Constitutional Convention that advocated for equal representation for all states, regardless of size.
VA Plan
Proposal at the Constitutional Convention that favored proportional representation based on state population.
Great Compromise
The agreement at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 to create a bicameral legislature with one house based on population and the other giving equal representation to states.
3/5ths Compromise
Agreement that counted three out of every five slaves as part of a state's population for purposes of taxation and representation in Congress.
Two-term tradition
Custom established by George Washington of serving only two terms as president, which became law with the 22nd Amendment in 1951.
National debt
The total amount of money the U.S. government owes, which increased significantly after the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
Common Sense
1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence and criticized monarchy, greatly influencing public opinion.
Declaration of Independence
1776 document declaring the American colonies' independence from Britain, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.
The Constitution
The foundational document of the United States, establishing the framework for the government and the rights of its citizens.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing essential freedoms such as speech, religion, and due process.
Articles of Confederation
The first constitution of the United States, which established a weak central government and was replaced by the current Constitution.
The Federalist Papers
A series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay advocating for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Northwest Ordinance
1787 law that provided for the governance of the Northwest Territory and the admission of new states to the Union.
Washington’s Farewell Address
1796 speech in which President George Washington advised the nation to avoid political parties and foreign alliances.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
1798 resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing that states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.
Marbury v Madison
Landmark case that established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional, strengthening the judiciary's role in government.