Studied by 16 people
Reform
A change for the better.
What did religious thinkers do in the 14th and 15th centuries?
They began to challenge the authority of the church.
Who resented the Italian control of the Church?
Non-Italians
How did people feel during the time of the reformation?
Many people felt that the Church was more interested in adding to its lands and riches than in saving souls.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German Monk during the 16th century who was dissatisfied with the church at the time of the reformation.
What did Martin Luther write?
The 95 Theses.
When did Martin Luther write the 95 Theses?
1517, he nailed them on the Church doors in Wittenberg Germany.
What religion stemmed from Martin Luther's beliefs?
Lutheranism
What did the 95 Theses criticize?
The Pope's power, the Church's extreme wealth and corruption, and the sale of Indulgences in the Catholic Church.
What did Martin Luther believe?
Faith saved people not good works, the ultimate authority for Christians is the Bible, and all humans are equal in God's eyes.
Who were the main reformers?
Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Ignatius de Loyola.
What were Luther's Issue with the Church?
Tetzel (a friar) was selling indulgences to build St. Peters Basilica, certificates that take away sins, merchants want usury (lending money and charging interest - Catholic Church says Usury is wrong), Domination of Church by Italians angered Germans and English.
How did the 95 Theses spread so quickly?
Guttenberg's printing press, as a result of it, he gained support from people.
Who was Pope Leo X Medici and what did he do?
He was a Pope during the height of church corruption tied with the very powerful Medici family, in 1520 Pope Leo X ordered Luther to give up his beliefs.
How was Martin Luther punished for his beliefs since he wouldn't recant them.
He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Leo X.
What did Martin Luther do with Church order he received stating to recant his beliefs.
Publicly burned them.
Who summoned Martin Luther to trial in the Town of Worms for the Diet of Worms?
Charles V
What did Charles V create?
The Edict of Worms - Luther was declared an outlaw and a heretic.
What were the peasants' reactions?
They wanted an end to serfdom, as a result they revolted. Luther did not support the revolt and so the Princes of Germany massacred 100,000 people.
"Erasmus laid the egg which Luther Hatched."
A quote by Desiderus Erasmus.
What were Desiderus' Erasmus' goals?
Reform the Catholic Church, recognize reason, and increase piety through study.
What did King Henry VIII do?
He was originally Catholic, but because his wife Catherine of Aragon, couldn't bare him a son and the fact that he wanted another woman, Anne Boleyn, he wanted to annul his wife. (He had 6 wives) At the time he couldn't annul her because the Church wouldn't allow him to, so he created his own Church called the Church of England (1534) and made himself the leader.
Lutherans and Catholics at war
Northern German princes supported Luther. Charles V declared war against protestants. In 1555 the peace treaty of Augsburg determined each German State's religion would be decided by its ruler.
Who was John Calvin?
Born in France, he believed in predestination which is the ideology that God chooses who goes to heaven from birth. He also believed that our moral lives would reveal if we're chosen by God to go to heaven or hell, and also that our work ethic, and our righteous life that honors God would reveal it also. He also believed that the ideal government was a theocracy.
Where did Calvinism start?
Calvinism started in Switzerland, John Calvin himself lived in Geneva, Switzerland. But was born in France.
Council of Trent
A council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers.
Ignatius de Loyola
Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits, the Jesuits emphasized spiritual and moral discipline, as well as strict loyalty to the Church.
For what reason is John Wycliffe significant?
He translated the Bible into English. The language the Bible was printed in before Luther was Latin.
What was the major unifying factor of Europe before the Reformation?
The Catholic Church
What is the difference between an annulment and a divorce?
A divorce is legal. It's under the government that you get a divorce. An annulment is when you ask the Pope/ a religious leader to have God not see them as married any longer/ have God act like they were never married.
