Unit 5

Abnormal Psychology

Unusual patterns of behavior/emotion/thought which may or may not be a mental disorder

Clinical Psychology

Asses, Diagnose, treat and prevent mental/emotional/behavioral disorders using therapeutic methods/interventions

Psych. Student Syndrome

Psych student studying abnormal behavior can be convinced theyhave a mental disorder

DSM-5-TR

5th edition of US psych book used by healthcare professionals to diagnose/categorize mental disorders

ICD

Global standard for reporting and categorizing mental/behavioral disorders

Deviation

Departure from “accepted“ social behaviors & cultural expectations

Distress

Intense & prolonged emotional suffering imparting ADL

Dysfunction

Disruption in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning imparing ADL

Stigma

Negative stereotype and social disapproval directed at people with mental disorders

Biological Perspective

Mental disorders caused by psychological and genetic factors

Behavioral Perspective

Suggests mental disorders arise from maladaptive learned behaviors and association

Psychodynamic Perspective

Mental disorders that stem from unresolved unconscious conflicts & impulses, originating from childhood

Humanistic Perspective

Mental disorder arise when individuals innate potential for self-fufillemnt & personal growth

Cognitive Perspective

Mental disorder caused by maladaptive thought patterns that negatively affect behavior

Evolutionary Perspective

Mental disorder from behaviors/mental processes are maladaptive reducing chances of survival & reproduction in given environment

Sociocultural Perspective

Mental disorder stem from maladaptive social/cultural relationships/dynamics

Eclectic Approach

Combining techniques/theories from multiple therapeutic orientations to tailor treatments

Biopsychosocial Model

Result from complex interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors

Diathesis-Stress Model

Psychological disorder arise from predisposing genetic vulnerability combined with stressful enviornemttla factors triggering mental health issus

Specific Phobia

Psychological disorder characterized by intense irrational fear of specific object/situation disrupting ADL

Acrophobia

Intense fear of heights that leads to avoidance behavior and significant distress

Arachnophobia

Intense fear of spiders that can cause significant anxiety and avoidance behaviors that disrupt normal function

Agoraphobia

Intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable

Panic Disorder

Recurrent/unexpected panic attacks sudden episodes of fear/discomfort that peak within minutes of accompanied by physical symptoms

Attaque de Nervios

Cultural Caribbean/Iberian background where episodes of intense emotional distress, dramatic expressions for emotion

Social Anxiety Disorder

Significant & perisitent fear of social situations where embarrassment//scrutiny MAY occur

Taijin Kyofusho

A culture-bound syndrome primarily seen in Japan, characterized by an excessive fear of offending others or causing embarrassment due to perceived physical functions/appearance

Generalized Anxiety DIsorder

Persistent & excessive worry about various aspects of daily life accompanied by physical symptoms

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Unwanted thoughts (obsessions) & repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that an individual feels driven to perform in response to obsession

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding/aprting w possessions regardless of value due to a perceived need to save them

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Persistent mental/emotional stress following exposure to traumatic events

Major Depressive Episode

Persuasive & perisstent low mood accompanied by LOW self-esteem and a loss of interest in ADL

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic, depressed mood lasting at least two years with less severe symptoms but longer lasting

Bipolar Disorder

Characterized by altering periods of mania and depression

Bipolar II Disorder

1 hypomanic episode followed by 1 major depressive without ever having a FULL manic episode

Bipolar I disorder

1 manic episode followed by a hypomanic or major depressive episode causing significant impairment in ADL

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

Autism Spectrum DIsorder (ASD)

Challanges in social community ication/interaction and restricted/repetitive patterns/behaviors/interests

Anorexia Nervosa

Restircted food intake by intense fear of gaining weight

Bulimia Nervosa

Episodes of binge eating followed by vomiting, excessive exercise

Schizophrenia

Psychological disorder characterized by perisitente delusions/hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disogranized motor behavior impairing ADL

Delusions

False beliefs strongly held despite clear evidence to the contrary; commonly tend to be of believing theirr targeted or invlovings ones expectionail abilites, wealth or fame

Hallucination

False sensory experiences w/o external stimuli most commonly hearing voices that others dont hear

Disorganized Thinkingé or Speech

Incoherent/nonsensical speech patterns: jumping between unrelated topics, inappropriately using wants, reflexing sirdoered thought processes

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Abnormal/Erratic mvmt: excessive agitation, bizarre postures, significantly impacting ADL

Excitement: Purposeless motor activity

Stupor: Lack of mvmt unresponsivenss to enviorment/immobility

Flat Affect

Reuction in emotional responsiveness

Dopamine Hypothesis

Disorder linked to imbalance of dopamine activity in the brain (can cause delusions and hallucination)

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important autobiographical information: accompanied by fatigue including sudden, unexpected travel w inability to recall ones past and confusion

Dissociative Identity Disorder

2+ distinct personality states/identities each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world resulting in memory gaps + disrupted sene of seal

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Persuasive disrupt & suspicion of others, interrupting motives as malevant

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive/perceptual discretization

Antisocial Personailty Disorder

Persuasive pattern of disregard for violation/rights of others: deceitful, manipulative and unlawful behavior

Histrionic Personality Disorders

Excessive emotion & attention seeking behavior

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Persuasive pattern of a need for admiration and lack of empathy for others

Boderline Personailty Disorder

Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Persuasive pattern of social inhibition feelings of inadequacy & hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive need to be taken care of

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Persuasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control at the expense of flexibility, openness & efficiency

Deinstitutionalization

Reducing number of pt in psych hospitals and transitioning them to community based mental health services

Evidence Based Intervention

Therapeutic approaches and treatments supported by scientific research and empirical evidence

Therapeutic Alliance

Collaborative/trusting relationship between therapist and client

Cultural Humility

Ongoing process of self-reflection and learning clients cultural backgrounds

Nonmalefience

“Do no harm” rule for therapists

Fidelity

Maintaining trust, honesty and commitment in therapeutic relationships

Integrity

Being honest, transparent & consistent in their profesional actions ensuring to moral/ethical standards

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Recognizing and honoring inherent worth of ALL individuals ensuring privacy and confidentiality

Psychodynamic Therapies

Uncovering unconscious conflicts/past experiences to understand current behavior and emotions

Free Association

Pt speaking freely about thoughts, feelings and memories as they come to mind

Dream Interpertation

Analyzing dream contents, uncovering unconscious thoughts and feelings providing insights into unresolved conflicts

Person Centered Therapy

Provide supportive environment where clients achieve self-discovery and personal growth

Active Listening

Therapist fully concentrating and understanding what the client says

Unconditional Positive Regard

Attitude of complete acceptance and support that a therapist offers to a client

Group Therapy

Therapy conducted with multiple participants

Individual Therapy

one-on-one therapy

cognitive therapies

focus on identifying/changing negative thought pattern and belief to improve emotional regulation

Maladaptive Thinking

Negative/irrational thought patterns contributing to emotional distress

Cognitive Restructuring

Identifying/challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs replacing them with more positive/realistic ones

Cognitive Tirad

Negative thought patterns about yourself, the world and the future

Applied Behavior Analysis

Therapy using principles of learning/conditioning to improve specific behaviors

Exposure Therapies

Gradually & repeating exposing individuals to fears objects

Systematic Desensitization

Exposure therapy: Gradually exposing pt to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching them relaxation techniques

Aversion Therapy

Behavioral technique that pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant technique to reduce/eliminate behavior by creating negative association

Token Economics

Behavioral therapy systems where individuals earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors, later exchanged for rewards

Biofeedback

Electronic monitoring to provide individuals with information about physiological processes

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

Treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs and thought patterns

Hypnosis

Therapeutic technique that’s shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety