Honors Physical Science Final

orbital

region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding an electron; path an electron takes

energy level

a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found which fill up lowest to highest

sublevel

group of orbitals that increase as the energy level increases

ground state

the lowest state of energy of an electron

excited state

when an electron gains or absorbs energy and moves levels

electron configuration

the organization of orbitals and sublevels in the lowest energy level

Emission Spectra

atoms absorb and emit light are certain wavelengths that help tell what the element is aka atomic fingerprint

Noble Gas Notation

abbreviated electron configuration only using the Noble Gases

Valence Electrons

outermost electrons

orbital diagram

the use of boxes and arrows to represent the electrons in an atom

Lewis Dot Diagram

depicts the the amount of valence electrons around the atomic symbol

What is the electron configuration for Chlorine?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

What is the abbreviated electron configuration for Calcium?

[Ar] 4s2

What is the electron configuration for Copper?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

What element has an electron configuration of: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²?

Calcium

Make an orbital diagram for Zinc

⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵

What is this electron configuration: ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵?

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰

What is this Lewis Dot Diagram: ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵ ⇵?

How are elements arranged on the modern periodic table?

increasing atomic number

Why do elements in the same group have similar properties?

they all share the same number of valence electrons

What happens when an atom gains or loses an electron?

Gains: the charge will be come negative due to an additional negative charge and the radius will increase because the repulsion produced caused the atom to expand

Loses: the charge will become positive due to more protons and the radius will decrease because the positive charge will pull the electrons in closer

Why are some elements more likely to become positive?

Some elements are more likely to become positive because they have less shielding. This means the electronegativity is greater than its competitors.

Why are some elements more likely to become negative?

Some are more likely to become negative because they have more shielding, meaning that the electrons are able to be pulled away easier than it is for them to attract.

What are the three main categories for elements?

Metalloids: fall on both sides of the staircase and have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals

Metals: shiny solids that can be stretched and conduct heat and electricity

Nonmetals: can be solids, liquids, or gases and dull and brittle

Describe and give an example for metal

elements that are solids at room temperature and can conduct electricity

Ex. Potassium

Describe and give an example for a nonmetal

brittle, don't conduct electricity, can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature

Ex. Chlorine

Describe and give an example for a metalloid

Has some qualities of nonmetals and metals

Ex. Boron

What does each element family have in common?

They have similar characteristics

Example: Noble Gases are always stable

What are some of the families of nonmetals?

halogens and noble gases

What are semiconductors?

elements that have some properties of metals and are able to conduct heat and electricity under some circumstances

Ionic Charge

a positive or negative charge of an atoms

Across: more likely to become negative due to shielding

Down: more likely to become negative due to shielding

Number of Valence Electrons trends

Across: more valence electrons because the more protons being added the more electrons

Down: stays the same

Atomic Number trends

Across: increase

Down: increase

Atomic Radius trends

Across: decreases due to more protons, increasing the Coulombic Attraction

Down: increases due to more energy levels

Ionization Energy trends

Across: increases because the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus, so they are held more tightly

Down: decreases because of shielding

Electronegativity trends

Across: increases because the nucleus has a stronger pull, meaning it can attract more easily

Down: decreases because the nucleus is farther away and has a weaker pull due to shielding

compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

bond

the force/forces that hold ions and atoms together in a compound

bond length

the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

bond angle

the angle formed by two bonds on the same atom, tells which way the atoms in a compound/molecule point

structural formula

shows the structure of compounds using chemical models to represent the atoms of certain elements

molecule

-the smallest particle of a substance that has the same chemical properties of that substance and it made up of one or more atoms bonded together

-made of neutral atoms

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

ionic compound

compounds that are made of one atom that gives it's extra electron to another atom to create a cation and an anion

hydrate

ionic compounds that have water molecules attached to each formula unit

covalent compound

compounds made of two nonmetals that are close by on the periodic table that share an electron to become stable

formula unit

-only for ionic

-the simplest ratio in a compound

nonpolar covalent bond

when electrons are shared between two atoms equally

polar covalent compound

when electrons are unequally shared between two atoms represented by a curly s, meaning the one atom is slightly positive and the other slightly negative

Sea of Electrons

metallic bond

binary compound

compound made of two elements but can consist of two or more atoms

polyatomic ion

groups of covalently bonded atoms that have a positive or negative charge as a group

WHat are the properties of a chemical bond?

strength: bonds can stretch, bend, and rotate without breaking

length: the stronger the bond the shorter the bond length is

polarity: the electron is equally shared with two atoms of the same element but when the elements are different the electron will not be equally shared because one is more positive and the other is more negative

How can you distinguish between nonmetal atoms, ions, or molecules?

Ions: unbalanced charge

Molecules: have the same characteristics as the larger substance and groups of nonmetals

Nonmetal atoms: balanced group of one nonmetal atoms

Compare and contrast metal, covalent, and ionic bonds?

How do ionic bonds form?

the form when one element wants to get rid of an electron and another one needs it, so there is a complete transfer of electrons

How do covalent bonds form?

two atoms share an electron to become stable

Why are ionic compounds only conductive when dissolved?

The electrons are able to move about freely

Compare and Contrast Polar Covalent and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

How do you determine the poles of a molecule?

The more electronegative atom will pull the electron closer causing it to have a slight negative charge and the other a slight positive charge

How does the structure of metallic bonds give them their properties?

the electrons are able to move freely in the Sea of Electrons and are able to conduct electricity, thus giving them that property

Name Li₂0

Lithium Oxide

Name PbO₂

Lead (IV) Oxide

Name NBr₃

Nitrogen tribromide

Name CuCl₂ ∙ 5H₂O

Copper (II) chloride pentahydrate

Formula for Carbon monoxide

CO

Formula for Carbon tetrachloride

CCl4

Formula for Sodium acetate trihydrate

NaC₂H₃O₂ ∙ 3H₂O

What are the differences between ionic, hydrate, and covalent compounds?

Ionic: compound that is made to completely transfer one electron to a different atom to create a cation and an anion

Covalent: compound that is made from two nonmetals that share the electron to become stable

Hydrate: ionic compound that has a water molecule attached to the formula unit

chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances by rearranging atoms

reactant

a substance the participates in a chemical reaction

product

a substance produced in a chemical reaction

Law of Conservation

matter cannot be created or destroyed

exothermic

reactions that release heat

endothermic

reactions that absorb heat

coefficient

the number in front of a chemical equation

mole ratio

tells relative amounts of products and reactants

synthesis

chemical reaction that combines two or more substances into one

decomposition

a compound breaks down to produce smaller atoms

single displacement

a single element trades places with the one most like it in a compound

double displacement

two elements from different compounds trade places with like elements

combustion

hydrocarbon compound and oxygen gas with heat combine to make water amd a carbon oxygen compound

surface area

increasing the surface area speeds up the reaction time due to the reactant being more exposed

catalyst

something that speeds up or slows down a reaction

enzyme

a substance that speeds up a reaction

inhibitor

a substance that slows down a reaction

What type of chemical reactions occur everyday?

grow, ripen, digest, decay, and breathe

What observation would you see if a chemical reaction occurs?

formation of a solid, gas (bubbling or fizzing), or odor and energy in the form of light or heat

How is energy related to breaking and forming bonds?

forming bonds releases energy and breaking bond absorbs energy

Understand this graph

Understand this graph

Three ways a chemical reaction can be described

Words-Sodium and Chlorine yield Sodium Chloride

Formulas-2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl

Models-

How is Law of Conservation related to balancing chemical equations?

to have a balanced equation everything must be even on both sides, meaning nothing is created or destroyed

Balance ZnS + O₂ → ZnO + SO₂

Z2nS + 3O₂ → 2ZnO + 2SO₂

How is chemical reactions like a recipe?

everything must be to the correct ratio to turn out okay

How do we determine the mole ratio of a chemical reaction?

you take the coefficients and list them left to right to tell the relative amounts of reactant and products

KNOW THE CHART

Compare and Contrast complete and incomplete combustion

Complete combustion produces H₂0 and CO₂ and incomplete produces H₂0 and CO

Speed

distance an object travels per unit of time