AP Biology Review

AP Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Composed of C, H, & O- Ratio: 1:2:1. Monomer: Monosaccharide. Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides. Bond: Glycosidic Linkage. Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Proteins

Composed of C, H, O, N, & S. Monomer: Amino Acid

Primary Protein Structure

String of amino acids

Secondary Protein Structure

Hydrogen bonds between backbone. Structure: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Tertiary Protein Structure

ANY bond (hydrogen, covalent, ionic, …) between R groups. Structure: final 3D structure

Quaternary Protein Structure

ANY bond (hydrogen, covalent, ionic, …) between R groups of different polypeptides

Lipids

Composed of C, H, O, & P (in phospholipids). Monomer: N/A

Nucleic Acids

Composed of C, H, O, N, & P. Monomer: Nucleotide

Simple Diffusion

Passive Transport, No NRG. Down concentration gradient. Small, Nonpolar. No transport protein needed. Examples: CO2, O2, N2, steroids. Small amount of H₂O leak through membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive Transport, No NRG. Down concentration gradient. Small Molecules. Requires transport protein (Channel vs. Carrier protein). Example: water, Na+, K+, Ca+

Active Transport

Requires input of NRG. Against concentration gradient. Requires transport protein (carrier protein). Example: Na+, K+, Ca+, H+

Phagocytosis

Import of materials, Cellular Eating

Pinocytosis

Import of materials, Cellular Drinking

Exocytosis

Export of materials

Isotonic Solution

EQUAL solute concentration. EQUAL free water concentration (as other solution). Equal water movement into and out of solution

Hypertonic Solution

HIGH solute concentration. LOW free water concentration. GAINS water from hypotonic solution

Hypotonic Solution

LOW solute concentration. HIGH free water concentration. LOSES water to hypertonic solution

Endergonic Reaction

Reaction is not spontaneous. ABSORB energy. Example: ADP+ P₁ → ATP

Exergonic Reaction

Reaction is spontaneous. RELEASE energy. Example: ATP → ADP + P₁

Enzymes

Biological catalyst. Speeds up chemical reactions. Reduces the activation energy

Linear Electron Flow

Synthesizes ATP & NADPH

Cyclic Electron Flow

Synthesizes ATP ONLY

Repressible Operon

Repressor: INACTIVE

Inducible Operon

Repressor: ACTIVE

Natural Selection

Organisms with more favorable trait, more likely to survive and produce more offspring to pass on their traits to next generation

Hardy-Weinberg

Equations: p+q=1, p²+2pq+q² = 1

Founder's Effect

Small population is isolated from original population

Bottleneck Effect

Population is reduced by a natural disaster (fire, flood, etc) where there was no selection based on traits

Biogeography

distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space & through geological time

Behavioral Isolation

Two organisms have different mating rituals (dance, song, etc)

Temporal Isolation

Two organisms mate at different times (day, month, year, etc.)

Geographic Isolation

Two organisms are separated by a geographical barrier

Invasive Species

Organism that is not indigenous, or native, to a particular area with no natural predators and unlimited resources

Endotherm

Maintains body temperature through metabolism

Ectotherm

Maintains body temperature through behaviors (bask in sunlight, aggregation)

Autotroph

Capture energy from physical or chemical source. Photosynthetic - sunlight, Chemosynthetic - small inorganic molecules in environment (sometimes without oxygen)

Heterotroph

Capture energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms. Metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (notice: not nucleic acids) for energy through hydrolysis

Intersexual Selection

Reproductive behaviors to attract a mate

Intrasexual Selection

Reproductive behaviors to indicate dominance and compete for access to mates