BIO 181 Exam 3 Study Guide

Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA and proteins.

Interphase

Cell cycle phase where the cell prepares for division.

Mitosis

Process of cell division resulting in two identical cells.

Meiosis

Cell division producing four genetically diverse gametes.

Sources of Variation

Factors causing differences in inherited traits.

Mendel's Work

Experiments with flower color to study inheritance.

Mendelian Crosses

Genetic crosses illustrating inheritance patterns.

Extensions of Mendel's Work

Additional genetic principles beyond Mendel's original findings.

DNA Structure

Double helix formed by nucleotides with complementary base pairing.

DNA Nucleotide

Building block of DNA, consisting of sugar, phosphate, base.

RNA Nucleotide

Building block of RNA, similar to DNA but single-stranded.

Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.

DNA Replication

Process of copying DNA prior to cell division.

Types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, each with distinct functions.

Transcription

Process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

Translation

Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Chromosomal Mutations

Alterations in chromosome structure affecting gene expression.

Point Mutations

Single nucleotide changes in DNA sequence.

Disorder from Point Mutation

Sickle cell anemia caused by a single nucleotide change.

Disorder from Chromosomal Mutation

Down syndrome caused by an extra chromosome.

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Control of gene expression in bacteria, e.g., operons.

trp Operon

Regulates tryptophan synthesis in bacteria.

lac Operon

Regulates lactose metabolism in bacteria.

DNA Fingerprinting

Technique for identifying individuals based on DNA patterns.

Gel Electrophoresis

Method for separating DNA fragments by size.

PCR

Technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences.

Gene Transformation

Inserting foreign DNA into an organism's genome.

Recombinant DNA

DNA formed by combining DNA from different sources.