Skeletal System - Chapter 3 - Anatomy & Physiology

cervical

cervical

seven smallest vertebrae of spine

thoracic

twelve medium vertebrae of spine

lumbar

five largest vertebrae of spine

C1

atlas, yes motion

C2

axis, no motion

sacrum

five fused bones of pelvic bone

sacrum articulation

hip bones (ilium) at sacriliac joint

coccyx

tailbone, end of sacrum

sternum

breastbone, protects heart

3 fused bones of sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

seven true ribs

articulate w/ sternum and vertebrae

five false ribs

indirect connection to sternum

scapula

shoulder blade, triangular, flat bone

glenoid cavity

located on scapula, dome-like shoulder socket

acromioclavicular joint

joint between clavicle and scapula

clavicle

collarbone, long bone

clavicle articulation

scapula and sternum

humerus

upper arm

humerus proximal articulation

glenoid cavity (shoulder socket)

humerus distal articulation

ulna and radius in elbow

ulna

pinky side forearm bone

radius

thumb side forearm bone

ulna and radius function

allow wrist rotation

carpals

wrist bones

metacarpals

palm bones (5)

phalanges

finger bones

ilium

largest portion of hip, lateral bowl-like structure

ischium

inferior and posterior / bottom of open circles

pubis

anterior and inferior hip (top of open circles)

acetabulum

dome/concave structure in hip socket, between ilium and ischium

pubic symphysis

joint between left and right pubic bones

femur

thigh bone, largest, long bone

femur proximal articulation

acetabulum and pelvis

femur distal articulation

tibia and patella

trochanters

muscle attachment on proximal head of femur

condyles

knee joint between femur and tibia

tibia

shin bone, larger long bone

fibula

thin shin bone

patella

kneecap

tarsals

ankle bones

calcaneus

heel bone

talus

articulation w/ tibia

metatarsals

foot bones

phalanges

toe bones

frontal

forehead, browline, eyesockets (superior orbit)

parietal bones

two super/lateral walls of cranium

sagittal suture

suture between superior and lateral parietal bones

occipital bone

posterior/inferior wall of cranium (base of skull)

foramen magnum

opening for spinal cord to enter skull

occipital condyles

where skull rests on C₁ / atlas

temporal bones

inferior to parietal; area around ears

styloid process

icicle shaped protrusion for neck muscle attachment

external auditory meatus

canal that leads to eardrum

mastoid process

large, rough lump for muscle attachment

zygomatic process

lateral cheekbone bone marking

jugular and carotid foramina

allow blood vessels to enter/leave the cranium

sphenoid bone

butterfly shaped anterior floor of cranium

sella turcia

concave saddle-shaped bone marking which holds the pituitary gland (in sphenoid bone)

ethmoid bone

medial walls of orbit and roof of nasal cavity

cribiform plates

medial plate/wall, allows olfactory nerves to enter the cranium

mandible

lower jaw bone, holds teeth

maxilla

two upper jawbones, house the paranasal sinuses

mental foramena

allows nerves to enter mandible (on sides of lower chin)

palatine bones

two posterior roofs of mouth/hard palate

zygomatic bones

two cheekbones & lateral orbit

lacrimal bones

two medial walls of orbit; house a set of tear ducts

nasal

bridge of nose

vomer

medial wall of nasal cavity

inferior nasal conchae

two curved bones in nasal cavaties

hyoid bone

anchors tongue, suspended in anterior neck

fontanels

soft spots on fetal skull, hyaline carilage. allow for compression during partuition, ossify by age two

coronal suture

suture between frontal and parietal bones

skeletal system support function

provides internal framework

skeletal system protection function

forms four bony cages (skull, ribcage, pelvis, vertebrae) around soft organs

skeletal system movement function

provides attachment points for muscles

skeletal system storgae function

mineral storage: calcium, phosphorus, etc.

skeletal system hematopoiesis function

formation of RBCs in long bone cavities (red marrow)

compact bone

dense/hard osseous tissue with smooth surfaces

spongy bone

osseous tissue filled with air spaces; allows added size w/o added weight

long bones

bones longer than they are wide, consisting of shaft (compact) and two heads (spongy). ex: femur, humerus, tibia

short bones

cube-like, mostly spongy bone shape. ex: carpals, tarsals, patella, etc.

sesamoid bone

bone completely embedded within the tendon

flat bones

thin bone composed of 3 layers, compact, spongy, compact. ex: ribs, sternum, cranial bones

irregular bones

oddly shaped bones. ex: pelvic bone, vertebrae, scapula

four bone shape classifications

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

four long bone regions

diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate/line, medullary cavity, periosteum

diaphysis

long bone shaft

epiphyses

long bone heads

epiphyseal plate/line

point where diaphysis and epiphyses meet; growth plate in adolescence

medullary cavity

inside diaphysis, filled with bone marrow: red (RBCs) & yellow (adipose tissue) marrow

periosteum

layer of connective tissue that covers the entire bone, swells and causes pain during injury

osteon

dartboard structure in compact bone

osteocyte

mature bone cell that secretes bony matrix in osteon

bony matrix

calcium and collagen mixture

lacunae

cavities in the bony matrix that house osteocytes

lamellae

concentric rings of lacunae connected by canals which allow transfer of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes

canaliculi

tiny canals that connect the neighboring lamellae to each other and the central canal called the Haversian Canal

Haversian Canal (bullseye)

central canal with blood vessels that feed the osteocytes within the osteon

Volkmann’s Canal

perpendicular canals that connect neighboring osteans

osteoblast

secretes bony matrix in hyaline cartilage