Key Terms and Vocabulary

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Abiotic

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326 Terms

1

Abiotic

Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter

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2

Absolute location

Description of the position of a place in a way that never changes, such as geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude

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3

Acculturation

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features

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4

Acid deposition

The accumulation of acids on Earth's surface

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5

Acid precipitation

Conservation of sulfur oxides on nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

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6

Active solar energy

Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy

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7

Adolescent fertility rate

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19

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8

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

A dialect used by some African Americans

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9

Agnosticism

The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven or disproven empirically

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10

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

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11

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

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12

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

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13

Agricultural revolution

The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

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14

Air pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level occurs in average air

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15

Alternative fact

A statement that can be proven to be false

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16

Animate power

Power supplier by animals or by people

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17

Animism

The belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

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18

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

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19

Anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic but rather displays a mix of the two types

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20

Antinatalist policy

Government policy that supports lower birth rates

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21

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

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22

Aquaculture (or aquafarming)

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

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23

Arable land

Land suited for agriculture

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24

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

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25

Assimilation

The process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group

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26

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

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27

Atheism

The belief that God does not exist

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28

Atmosphere

The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

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29

Autocracy

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people

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30

Autonomous religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

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31

Balance of power

A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances if countries

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32

Basic business

A business that sells it's products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

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33

Behavioral geography

An approach to human geography that emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space

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34

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution

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35

Biomass fuel

Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste

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36

Biosphere

All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms

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37

Biotic

Composed of living organisms

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38

Black Lives Matter

Movement that campaigns against violence and perceived racism toward black people and educates others about the challenges that African Americans continue to face in the United States

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39

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

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40

Boundary

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory

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41

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people

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42

Branch

A large and fundamental division within a religion

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43

Break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

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44

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs

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45

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

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46

Business service

A service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

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47

Carrying capacity

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources

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48

Cartogram

A map in which the projection and scale are distorted in order to convey the information of a variable

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49

Cartography

The science of making maps

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50

Cash crop

A crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the famer’s own use

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51

Caste

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law

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52

Census

A complete enumeration of a population

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53

Census tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban area, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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54

Central business district (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

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55

Central city

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

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56

Central place

A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area

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57

Central place theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

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58

Centrifugal force

A cultural value that tends to pull people apart

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59

Centripetal force

A cultural value that tends to unify people

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60

Cereal grain

A grass that yields grain for food

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61

Chlorofluorocarbon

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers

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62

Choropleth map

A map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable

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63

Circular migration

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

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64

Citizen science

Scientific research by amateur scientists

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65

City-state

A sovereign state comprising a city and it's immediately surrounding countryside

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66

Climate

The long-term average weather condition at a particular location

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67

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement

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68

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose it's political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

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69

Colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent

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70

Columbian exchange

The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization

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71

Combined statistical area (CSA)

In the United States, two or more contiguous core-based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns

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72

Commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

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73

Commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming

Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture

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74

Compact state

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

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75

Concentration

The extent feature’s spread over a given area

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76

Concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

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77

Congregation

A local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship

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78

Connection

The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

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79

Conservation

The sustainable management of a natural resource to meet human needs

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80

Conservation tillage

A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff

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81

Consumer service

A business that provides services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services

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82

Consumptive water usage

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid

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83

Contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

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84

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

Informally Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude

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85

Core-based statistical area (CBSA)

In the United States, the collection of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

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86

Cosmogony

A set beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

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87

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution

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88

Counter urbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries

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89

Crop

Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

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90

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each years to avoid exhausting the soil

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91

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society

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92

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

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93

Cultural ecology

A geographic approach that emphasizes human-enviornment relationships

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94

Cultural homogenization

The process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture

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95

Cultural landscape

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area

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96

Culture

The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitutes the distinct tradition of a group of people

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97

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristics of the group of people performing the act

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98

Cyber espionage

The unauthorized and clandestine deployment of a virus to observe or destroy data in the computer systems of government agencies and large corporations

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99

Dairy farm

A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

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100

Demand

The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy

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