unit 7 appsy 2025

Lewinsky motivation conflicts

Conflicts that arise when an individual has two or more incompatible motivations or desires, often leading to stress or indecision.

approach-approach conflict

A conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two equally attractive options.

approach-avoidance conflict

A conflict that occurs when a person is attracted to and simultaneously repelled by the same goal or situation.

arousal theory

The theory that suggests that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

boredom susceptibility

A personality trait that reflects an individual's tendency to become easily bored.

broaden-and-build

A theory suggesting that positive emotions broaden an individual's awareness and encourage novel, varied, and exploratory thoughts and actions.

cognitive label of emotion

The theory that emotions are based on the cognitive interpretation of physiological arousal.

conscious

The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.

defense mechanism

Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety or to protect the self from emotional pain.

denial

A defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept reality or truth.

displacement

A defense mechanism where emotions are transferred from the original source of stress to a safer substitute.

projection

A defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.

rationalization

A defense mechanism that involves creating logical reasons or excuses to justify irrational behavior.

reaction formation

A defense mechanism in which an individual expresses the opposite of their true feelings.

regression

A defense mechanism where an individual reverts to earlier stages of development in response to stress.

sublimation

A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions.

disinhibition

The reduced restraint of instinctive drives and impulses, often leading to impulsive behavior.

display rules

Cultural norms that dictate how emotions should be expressed in certain situations.

drive reduction theory

The theory that motivation is based on the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

eating motivation

The psychological and physiological factors that drive an individual's desire to eat.

big 5 theory

A model that describes personality using five broad dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability.

agreeableness

A personality trait characterized by being compassionate, cooperative, and friendly.

openness

A personality trait that reflects a willingness to engage in new experiences and ideas.

extraversion

A personality trait indicating a preference for social interaction and engagement with the external environment.

conscientiousness

A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, and diligence.

emotional stability

A personality trait that reflects the tendency to maintain a stable and consistent emotional state.

ego

In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that mediates between the desires of the id and the realities of the external world.

extrinsic

Motivation that comes from external rewards or incentives.

facial feedback

The hypothesis that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

factor analysis

A statistical method used to identify underlying relationships between variables.

ghrelin

A hormone that stimulates appetite and plays a role in regulating energy balance.

homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

humanistic theory

A psychological perspective that emphasizes individual potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.

ID

In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that contains innate desires and instincts.

incentive theory

The theory that behavior is motivated by the pursuit of external rewards.

instincts

Innate, biologically driven behaviors that are essential for survival.

intrinsic

Motivation that comes from within an individual, driven by personal satisfaction or interest.

leptin

A hormone that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

optimal arousal

The level of arousal that results in the best performance on a given task.

personality inventory

A questionnaire designed to assess various aspects of personality.

physiological appraisal of emotion

The assessment of emotions based on physiological responses.

preconscious

The part of the mind that contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in awareness but can be recalled.

projective test

A psychological test that allows a person to respond to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts.

psychodynamic theory

A psychological perspective that focuses on the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

reciprocal determinism

The theory that a person's behavior is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

self-actualization

The realization of one's potential and self-fulfillment.

self-concept

An individual's perception of themselves, including beliefs about their abilities and traits.

self-determination

The process of making one's own choices and decisions.

self-efficacy

An individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations.

self-esteem

An individual's overall evaluation of their own worth.

sensation seeking theory

The theory that suggests individuals have different thresholds for seeking out new and intense experiences.

social cognitive theory

The theory that emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in behavior.

superego

In Freud's theory, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment.

trait theory

A psychological approach that focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics.

unconditional positive regard

An attitude of acceptance and respect toward another person, fostering an environment for growth.

unconscious

The part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are outside of conscious awareness.

universal emotions

Emotions that are recognized and experienced by people across different cultures.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The principle that performance increases with arousal but only to a point, beyond which performance decreases.