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26 Terms

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Energy

The ability to do work.

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Potential Energy

Stored energy available to do work.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy being used to do work.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

All energy transformations are inefficient and result in energy loss as heat.

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Metabolism

Chemical reactions inside cells.

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Endergonic Reaction

A reaction that requires an input of energy.

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Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy.

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Chemical Equilibrium

A state where the rates of product and reactant formation are equal.

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Oxidation

Loss of electrons, which releases energy.

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Reduction

Gain of electrons, which requires energy.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The energy currency of the cell that stores and transfers energy.

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Phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule, which energizes it.

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Enzyme

An organic molecule that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction without being consumed.

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Active Site

The region of an enzyme where substrates bind.

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Cofactor

A non-protein molecule that assists an enzyme in its activity.

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Feedback Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a reaction inhibits an enzyme involved in its formation.

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Diffusion

The process of molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

The process of passive transport of molecules across a membrane via a protein transporter.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Endocytosis

The process of engulfing fluids and large molecules into the cell.

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Exocytosis

The process of transporting fluids and large particles out of the cell.

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Concentration Gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal concentrations of solute inside and outside the cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solute compared to the cell's interior.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solute compared to the cell's interior.