Vocabulary for biology and physics 1 T2

Acceleration

How quickly something speeds up.

Air resistance

The force air pushes against something moving through it.

Balanced force

Forces that cancel each other out, so nothing moves or changes.

Contact force

A force that happens when two things touch.

Distance

How far something has moved.

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change.

Force

A push or a pull.

Friction

A force that slows things down when they rub together.

Gravity

A force that pulls things toward each other (like toward Earth).

Joule

The unit for measuring energy or work.

Kilogram

A unit for measuring mass (how much matter something has).

Kinetic

Related to movement.

Mass

The amount of matter in something.

Net / Resultant force

The total force after all forces are added or subtracted.

Newton

The unit for measuring force.

Non-contact force

A force that acts without touching (like gravity or magnetism).

Power

How fast energy is used or work is done.

Reaction force

A force that pushes back when another force is applied.

Speed

How fast something is moving.

Stationary

Not moving.

Thrust force

A force that pushes something forward (like a rocket).

Unbalanced force

Forces that do not cancel out and cause a change in motion.

Watt

The unit for measuring power.

Weight

How strongly gravity pulls on something.

Work / Work done

When a force moves something over a distance.

Allele

A version of a gene (like blue or brown eye color).

Cervix

The lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

Chromosome

A structure made of DNA that holds many genes.

Continuous variation

Traits that show a range (like height or skin color).

Diploid cell

A cell with a full set of chromosomes (like body cells).

Discrete variation

Traits with clear categories (like blood type).

DNA

A molecule that carries genetic instructions.

DNA replication

The process of copying DNA.

Dominant

An allele that shows up even if only one is present.

Egg (ovum)

The female sex cell.

Embryo

A developing baby in the early stages after fertilisation.

Evolution

How living things change over a long time.

Fertilisation

When a sperm and egg join together.

Foetus

A baby developing inside the womb after 8 weeks.

Gamete

A sex cell (sperm or egg).

Gene

A section of DNA that controls a trait.

Genotype

The combination of alleles a person has.

Haploid cell

A cell with half the usual number of chromosomes (like sperm or egg).

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles (e.g., one for brown eyes, one for blue).

Homozygous

Having two of the same allele (e.g., two for brown eyes).

Meiosis

Cell division that makes sex cells (gametes).

Mitosis

Cell division that makes identical cells (for growth and repair).

Mutation

A change in DNA.

Ovary

Where eggs are made in females.

Oviduct / Fallopian tube

Where the egg travels and where fertilisation usually happens.

Penis

The male organ that releases sperm.

Phenotype

The traits you can see (like eye color).

Prostate gland

Makes fluid to help sperm move.

Punnet square

A chart to predict what traits offspring might have.

Recessive

An allele that only shows if both copies are the same.

Scrotum

The pouch of skin holding the testes.

Selective breeding

Choosing animals or plants with certain traits to reproduce.

Sperm

The male sex cell.

Sperm duct

Carries sperm from the testes to the penis.

Testes (testis)

Organs that make sperm and testosterone.

Urethra

A tube that carries urine or sperm out of the body.

Uterus / womb

Where the baby grows during pregnancy.

Vagina

The canal leading from the uterus to the outside of the body.

Zygote

A fertilised egg cell.