APUSH SEMESTER 1

Units 1-5

aztecs

A Mesoamerican civilization that thrived in present-day Mexico from the 14th to the 16th centuries, known for its advanced agricultural practices, monumental architecture, and complex social and political organization.

pueblo

A group of Native American peoples in the Southwestern United States, known for their adobe dwellings and agricultural practices, particularly the cultivation of maize.

hopewell

iroquois

A group of Native American tribes in the northeastern United States, known for their political alliance and the formation of the Iroquois Confederacy, which played a significant role in early American history.

cahokia

An ancient Native American city located near present-day St. Louis, known for its large earthen mounds and as a major center of trade and culture in the Mississippian period.

christopher columbus

An Italian explorer credited with the European discovery of the Americas in 1492, he made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

columbian exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) following the voyages of Columbus. This exchange significantly impacted agriculture, economies, and populations on both sides of the Atlantic.

staple crops

crops like sugar and wheat that were introduced by the colonists that quickly became parts of the natives diets and transformed their agricultural practices and economies.

conquistadors

Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered large parts of the Americas, claiming territories for Spain during the Age of Exploration.

west africa

A region of Africa that was significantly impacted by the transatlantic slave trade, where various kingdoms and societies engaged in trade with European powers. It played a crucial role in supplying enslaved individuals to the Americas.

encomienda

A system established by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas that granted colonists authority over indigenous peoples, allowing them to extract labor and tribute in exchange for protection and religious instruction.

requierimiento

A legal document read by Spanish conquistadors to justify their conquest of indigenous lands, asserting Spain's divine right to claim territories and demanding submission from native populations.

spanish defeat of the aztec

A pivotal event in the early 16th century where Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led an expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire, largely due to alliances with local tribes and the introduction of European diseases.

caste system

A hierarchical social structure established in Spanish colonies that categorized individuals based on race and ethnicity, influencing social, economic, and political status.

mission system

A network of religious and military outposts established by Spanish colonizers in the Americas to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity and exert control over the territories.

jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 in Virginia, known for its struggles with starvation, conflicts with Native Americans, and the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop. it mainly consisted of middle aged men

joint stock company

A business entity where different investors can buy shares to fund colonial ventures, spreading the financial risk and allowing for larger-scale exploration and settlement.

powhatan confederacy

The Powhatan Confederacy was a large and powerful confederation of Native Americans in Virginia. The Jamestown settlers had a complicated and combative relationship with the leaders of this confederacy.

This group played a significant role in the early history of colonial Virginia, particularly in their interactions with the English settlers at Jamestown.

indentured servitude

A condition of being contracted to work without pay for a set time period. This was a main form of labor in early jamestown and was the dominant form of labor for tobacco cultivation until the 1670s. In new England there were usually fewer servants

headright system

A system that rewarded people who imported indentured servants with land

house of burgesses

founded in 1643, An elected assembly within the general assembly of virginia when it split into 2 houses 

It represented representative government in colonial america *The right to self govern

bacons rebellion

occured in 1676, An uprising led bby nathaniel bacoob because the governor was unwilling to intervene in conflicts between settlers and american indians and lack of representation

that highlighted tensions over land, class, and governance in Virginia.

act of toleration

1649, a law passed in maryland that allwed religious freedom to all Christians

massacusetts bay company

1630, founded by puritans who wanted to reform the church of england, they grew very quickly and almost completly absorbed the pilgrims

puritains

1630, had a very strick way of life and religius guilt, society focused on religion

john winthrop

puritain leader who described the colonies purpose as creating a city on a hill

iriquois confederation

1570s-1780s, an alliance of native tribes in the northern americas that sided with the french in french-british conflicts

halfway covenant

1662, allowed people to have some of the rights of members of the church, lowered the gap between members of the church and led to larger membership for later generation puritans

glorious revlution

1686 a bloodless revolution that interacted with religious and governing freedom in the americas, led to the ascension of william of orange

penn’s holy experiment

1681-1701 - an experiment by william penn in pennsylvania to have a community with radical religious freedom, based off of quaker principles

pueblo revolt

1680, an uprising by the pueblo against the spanish where they drove out the spanish and regained control, this allowed for the survival of pueblo culture

metacom’s war/ king phillip’s war

1675-1678, a conflict between english settlers and wampanoag tribe, metacom belived that colonizers had to be pushed out for the survival of his tribe

the middle passage

1501-1866 , transatlantic portion of the slave trade, people were most likely o arrive in Barbados or jamaican slave markets

stono rebellon

1739 , rebellion by enslaved people in south carolina colony, led to many enacted laws to subjugate the blacks

navigation acts

Required all European goods to go through england before the colonies to ensure that the colonies paid their taxes. 

Intended to ensure the self-reliance of the british empire by restricting colonial trade on the logic of mercantilisim

first great awakening time period

1730s-40s

first great awakening summary

An occurrence of religious reawakening and focus on individuality in the americas. Characterized by more conversion and more doubt of the need for a church or preist.

albany plan

1754, an attempt to unite the colonies under one government to fight the french

pontiacs revellion

1763 pontiact led a pan indian resistance movement against colonial settlements on the western frontier

proclamation of 1763

prohibited colonists from settling west of the applaician mountains to proevent hostolites

paxton boys

group of farmers in pennsylvania who wanted to get rid of all natives

stamp act

1765, first direct act put on the colonies

townshed act

1767, series of measures passed by parliment that taxed imported goods

boston massacre

1770

committes of correspondnce

network of communication established before the war to unite the colonies against the british

1st continential congress

1774, a meeting of delegates in philidelphia to respond to the british restrictions on trande and they set terms for boycotts against the british

2nd continential congress

1775, meeting of delegates that served as the provisional government of the USA, established a continential army and elected washington as commander

treaty of paris (1783)

ended the revolution

articles of confederation (1777)

first constitution

Northwest ordinaces

1787, established a government for the northwest territory and outlined how new states would be added to the union

alien and sedition acts

1798, mprissioned and deported any non citizen under adams administration

kentucky and virgina resolves

critizied alien and sedition acts as unconstiutional, by madison and jefferson

republican motherhood

an ideology that defined womens roles as being to uphold values and teach them to the children

election of 1800

aka revolution of 1800, power shifted from federalist john adams to democratic republican jefferson, led to an era of peace and the death of the federalist party

embargo act

1807, An act that prohibited american ships from leaving their home ports until britain and france repealed restrictions of usa trade and the british stopped impressing american sailors, had a horrible impact on american commerce

american system

proposed by henery clay to promote the economy by combining federal funded internal improvements to help farmers and protect american manufacturers by placing higher tarrifs

Missouri compromise

a compromise to maintain the power balance between slave and free states that established the southern border of Missouri as the boundary between future slave and free states

panic of 1819

the nations first sever economic depression due to irresponsible banking pactrices and a decline in exports

market revolution

1800s, innovations in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation

cotton gin

created by eli whitney, could clean as much cotton in an hour as several people in a day

waltham-lowell system

every step of production was mechanized using factories and housing workers together in boarding houses, women joined the workforce

panic of 1837

started in the south from the collaspe in the land and cotton markets as the cotton prices dropped, began a cycle of economic booms and busts

trancendentalism

romantic-era movement that proposed individuals to look inside themselves and nature for spirtual and moral guidance rather than to formal religion or organizations

cult of domesticity

1830-40s

New ideals of womanhood that emerged with the middle class that called for women to stay within the domestic sphere and devote themselves to the care of the children home and their ‘hardworking’ husbands n part to promote the spiritual development if the children and provide thei husbands with a break from the corruption of the world

corrupt bargian

1824, an accusation by jackson of a secret agreement between clay and JQA that clay would urge his supporters to vote adams in return for a spot in his cabinet

tarrif of abominations

1828, raised duties on imports

andrew jackson

president from the new west, viewed as a war hero

spoils system

1828

era of the comman man

A period marked by more participation of ordinary white citizens in the political process and a growth in democracy wirth many states lowering property requirements along with the creation of the dem party and andrew jacksons election

nullification crisis 1830s

South carolina attempted to block the tarrif of abominations with the nullification doctrine and then sc had a convention that approved the ordinance of nullification (a law passed in 1832 by proclaming tariff acts null and threatening secession if the federal government tried to enforce them) this lead to soa crisis as the congress debated it and the tarrif debates alienated many southerners close to jacksons campains

bank wars

1830s , drama over 2BUS

annexation of texas

1836

cherokee nation v. georgia

A supreme court ruling that denied the cherokee claim to be a seperate nation

Worchester v. Georgia

the court declared thaat the statee of georgia couldnt impose state laws on the cherokee for they had authority within their boundraise and that they were protected under the federal government 

whig party

anti-jacksonian

second great awakening

A series of protestant revals much larger than the first great awakening that spurred social reform movements in response to te changes brought about by the market revolution 

Prominent and important leaders were charles finney and lyman beecher 

A sort of resistance to enlightenment thought

utopian communities

societies formed in the first half of the 1800s that enougraged peoply to embody alternative social and economic visions to creat perfect societies

nativism

1840s, antiimmigrant american involved in campaigns against foreginers

Charles Finney

1820s, A prominent minister in the second great awakening who adopted techniques used by southern methodists and baptists with a technique for more wealthy members and held camp meeting in churches, was prominent in rochester

Temperance

1820s

American colonniation society

1817, Made to send african americans back to africa, most had no want to go because they were almost all native born americans. This was seen as an alternative to emancipation

American anti-slavery society

An abolitionist society founded by william loyd garrison in 1833 rhat became the most important northern abolitionist organisation of the period. The society featured prominent orators and activists like frederick douglass. Members argued slavert wasnt useful economically or morally and theory were often met with violence