final exam

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; regulate body temperature, pH balance, and fluid volume; protection through blood clotting mechanisms and immune defenses.

What is the composition of whole blood?

Whole blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%), which include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

What is plasma mainly composed of?

Plasma is approximately 90% water and contains proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones.

What is the average adult blood volume in males and females?

5–6 liters in males and 4–5 liters in females.

What does the heart function as?

The heart functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body.

Where is the heart located?

In the mediastinum between the lungs, slightly left of midline.

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (thick middle layer of cardiac muscle), and endocardium (inner layer lining heart chambers and valves).

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygen-rich in systemic circulation.

What is atherosclerosis?

A buildup of plaque in arteries that narrows the vessels.

What is blood pressure?

The force exerted by blood on vessel walls.

What is systolic pressure?

The pressure during ventricular contraction, approximately 120 mmHg.

What happens in edema?

Excess fluid in tissues due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure.

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood, absorbs dietary fats from the intestine, and provides immune defense.

What fluid is lymph similar to?

Lymph is similar to plasma but lacks proteins.

What does the respiratory system regulate besides gas exchange?

It regulates blood pH and voice production.

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

Conducting zone (air passage only) and respiratory zone (site of gas exchange).

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Filter blood and form urine.

What mechanisms regulate pH in the body?

Buffer systems, respiratory system changes CO2 levels, and renal system excretes H+ and reabsorbs bicarbonate.

What is the role of the esophagus?

Connects pharynx to stomach and facilitates swallowing.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

What is the primary function of the liver?

Produces bile, processes nutrients, and detoxifies.

What does tubular reabsorption do in the kidneys?

Returns nutrients and water from filtrate back to the blood.

What is hydrostatic pressure (HP)?

Pressure that pushes fluid out of capillaries.

What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) approximately equal to?

Diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure.