IB Bio Endocrine System

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66 Terms

1
endocrine system
body system made up of glands & hormones they produce
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2
all hormones are ligands but…
not all ligands are hormones
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3
glands
maintain homeostasis (constant environment) & regulate development
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4
hormones
transported throughout body by blood
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5
blood acts as a…
highway
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6
what amount of hormone is needed to have significant influence on target tissues?
minute amounts of hormone
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7
target tissues
tissues where its cells have receptors that bond to hormone
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8
hormones can be what?
  • steroids

  • peptides

  • modified amino acids

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9
non-endocrine glands
make other substances besides hormones
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10
example of non-endocrine glands
sweat glands
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11
how do hormones cause coupled reaction?
  1. hormone bonds to receptor on membrane of cells in target tissue

  2. inactive messengers become active messengers

<ol><li><p>hormone bonds to receptor on membrane of cells in target tissue</p></li><li><p>inactive messengers become active messengers</p></li></ol>
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12
what happens to effect of hormone in coupled reaction?
effect of hormone = amplified
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13
why is pituitary gland called “master gland”?
b/c acts as target tissue of some hormones released by other glands
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14
pituitary gland consists of?
  • anterior (front) pituitary gland

  • posterior (back) pituitary gland

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15
hypothalamus relationship w/ pituitary gland
hypothalamus sends signals that tells pituitary to secrete certain hormones
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16
hormones in posterior pituitary gland
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

  • oxytocin

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17
what makes ADH & oxytocin?
neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
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18
ADH function
  • increases reabsorption of H2O in kidneys (takes H2O out of blood to store in kidneys)

  • determines whether kidneys absorb or release H2O into blood? (**clarify)

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19
oxytocin function
stimulates release of milk from mammary glands
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20
how does the nervous system and endocrine system differ? 
  • nervous: made up of neurons, faster

  • endocrine: made up of glands & hormones they produce, slower, causes developmental changes.

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21
posterior pituitary gland function
controls body parts, not other glands
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22
anterior pituitary gland function
regulates hormone production of other endocrine glands
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23
what is anterior pituitary gland affected by?
affected by releasing hormones made by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
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24
what do releasing hormones in the anterior pituitary gland stimulate?
stimulate release of tropic hormones
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25
tropic hormones
hormones whose target cells are other endocrine glands
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26
hormones in anterior pituitary gland
  • TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

  • LH (luteinizing hormone)

  • PRL (prolactin)

  • GH (growth hormone)

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non tropic hormones
hormones whose target cells do not make up other endocrine glands
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two non tropic hormones
PRL & GH
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29
TSH function
affects thyroid by secreting T3 & T4
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ACTH function
affects adrenal cortex by secreting glucocorticoids
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FSH function
affects ovaries by regulating oogenesis
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LH function
affects testes by regulating spermatogenesis
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oogenesis
meiosis that produces eggs
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spermatogenesis
meiosis that produces sperm
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35
PRL function
helps mammary glands regulate milk production
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36
GH function
stimulates muscle & bone cell growth
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37
how does pancreas produce antagonistic hormones?
by having bundles of glucocorticoids w/ alpha & beta cells
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38
how does liver store sugar?
by converting glucose → glycogen for storage
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39
alpha cells
  • produce glucagon

  • increases blood glucose level in liver

  • glycogen in liver → released into blood as glucose

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40
beta cells
  • produce insulin

  • decreases blood glucose level in liver, muscle & fat cells

  • glucose leaves blood → stored in liver as glycogen

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41
pancreas (diagram)
blood---------liver

glucose → glycogen (using insulin/beta cells)

glucose
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42
adrenal gland parts
medulla & cortex
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43
hormone in medulla
epinephrine (adrenalin)
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44
epinephrine function
  • affects blood vessels, liver, & heart

  • causes increase in blood glucose, blood vessel constriction, & fight or flight response

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hormones in cortex
  • glucocorticoids (ex: cortisol)

  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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glucocorticoids function
  • affect entire body

  • help increase blood glucose

  • greater in long-term stress

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mineralocorticoids function
  • affect kidney

  • increases rate of reabsorption of Na+ & K+

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48
hormones in thyroid
  • T4 (thyroxin)

  • T3 (triiodothyronine calcitonin)

  • calcitonin

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T4 & T3 function
causes body to increase cellular metabolism
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50
cellular metabolism
sum total of all chem reactions in organism
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51
calcitonin function
causes bones to absorb Ca2+ from blood
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52
where is parathyroid?
within thyroid
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53
hormone in parathyroid
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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54
PTH function
causes bones to release Ca2+ into blood
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55
PTH works antagonistic to…
to calcitonin
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56
as women grow older…
calcium in body decreases b/c calcitonin decreases or PTH increases
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hormone in testes
testosterone
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testosterone function
  • affects testes & to lesser extent, rest of body

  • affects spermatogenesis & secondary sexual characteristics

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hormone in ovaries
  • estrogen

  • progesteron

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60
estrogen function
  • affects uterus & to lesser extent, rest of body

  • affects menstrual cycle & secondary sexual characteristics

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progesterone function
  • affects uterus & to less extent, rest of body

  • affects menstrual cycles & pregnancy

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62
pineal gland location
in brain
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63
hormone in pineal gland
melatonin
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64
melatonin function
  • affects entire body

  • helps regulate circadian rhythms

    • disrupted during spring forward

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65
how does adipose tissue store glucose?
excess glucose gets stored in the liver as glycogen or, w/ help of insulin, converted into fatty acids, circulated to other parts of the body, & stored as fat in adipose tissue
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66
what is fight or flight response?
automatic physiological reaction to an event perceived as stressful or frightening & is triggered by release of hormones
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