GEN BIO MODULE 1

Reproduction

Reproduction

creation of offspring

sexual and asexual

Two types of reproduction

sexual production

the formation of an offspring by fusing a male gamete and a female gamete to form a zygote

Asexual reproduction

the development of progeny without the union of egg and sperm

fission

the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

budding

new individuals emerge from the outgrowths of existing ones

fragmentation

the breaking of the body into fragments, some of which develop into adults and others which do not.

Fragmentation

must be accompanied with REGENERATION

Regenaration

the regrowth of bodily components that have been lost.

parthenogenesis

the formation of a new human from an unfertilized egg

twofold cost of sexual reproduction

sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

sexually

every eukaryotic creature reproduces ___

Genetic recombination

occurs as a result of sexual reproduction which has potential benefits

1. a rise in offspring variety

2. increased parental reproductive success in changing conditions

3. rise in adaption rate

4. bad genes are eliminated

hermaphroditism

each person has both male and female reproductive systems

Fertilization

is a fundamental aspect of sexual reproduction

External Fertilization

occurs when a females egg are fertilized by the sperm from the outside world

Internal Fertilization

happens when sperm are implanted in or near the female reproductive system

by Meiosis

diploid sporophytes create spores which develop into HAPLOID GAMETOPHYTES

by mitosis

gametophytes create HAPLOID GAMETES; fertilization of gametes results in a sporophyte.

Sporophyte

or huge plant, is the dominant generation in angiosperms

gametophytes

have shrunk in size and are completely reliant on the sporophyte for nutrition

flowers, double fertilization, Fertilization, and fruits

the angiosperm life cycle is defined by 3 fs:

Double fertilization

a pollen grain develops a pollen tube that spreads between the cells of the style toward the ovary after landing on a receptive stigma. The pollen tube releases two sperm into the embryo sac resulting to

Plant fertilization endosperm

is formed when one sperm fertilized the egg and the other sperm joins with the polar nuclei resulting in TRIPLOID FOOD-STORING ENDOSPERM

Fragmentation

common method of asexual reproduction in which a parent plant is divided into fragments that mature into entire plants,

apomixis

asexual seed generation from a diploid cell

vegetative reproduction

another name for asexual reproduction

clones from cutting

asexual reproduction occurs when plant fragments called CUTTINGS are used to replicate asexually.

when a stem is cut, a CALLUS arises, which is a mass of proliferating undifferentiated cells that creates adventitious root

Grafting

____ a twig or bud onto a plant of a closely related species or variation is possible.

cleavage

is a rapid, repeated cycles of mitotic cell division in which the embryos overall size does not change.

blastula

following cleavage, the developing embryo is referred to as

gastrulation

the remarkable rearrangement of cells in the blastula to generate the embryonic tissue layers is known as

organogenesis

is the process of cell division and differentiation that leads to the creation of organs and tissues.

gastrulation and organogenesis

the last two steps collectively contribute to morphogenesis or the biological processes that determine an organisms shape and body organization.

embryo development

frequently comes before endosperm development

endosperm

stores nutrients that can be utilized by the seedling in most monocots and some eudicots