ap world

Ottoman Empire

Janissaries- Elite infantry units of the ________, composed of Christian slaves who were converted to Islam and trained as soldiers.

Mercantilism

________- Economic system in which the government controls the economy in order to increase national wealth and power, usually through a combination of exports and protectionism.

Middle Kingdom

________- The Chinese concept of their country being the center of the world and the intermediary between heaven and earth.

Bartolome de las Casas

________: A Spanish priest and historian who criticized the treatment of Native Americans by Spanish colonizers and advocated for their rights.

Abbasid Caliphate

________: An Islamic dynasty that ruled over a vast empire from 750 to 1258 CE.

Black Death

________: A pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing an estimated 25 million people, or one third of the population.

Hanseatic League

________: A confederation of merchant guilds in medieval Europe that dominated trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions.

Sufis

________- Islamic mystics who seek a direct and personal experience of God through prayer, meditation, and other spiritual practices.

Vasco Da Gama

________: A Portuguese explorer who led the first European voyage to India by rounding the southern tip of Africa in 1498.

Ibn Batuta

________- A 14th- century Moroccan scholar and traveler who documented his journeys throughout the Islamic world and beyond.

Martin Luther

________- German theologian who began the Protestant Reformation with his Ninety- Five Theses in 1517, which criticized the Catholic Church's practices such as indulgences.

Abbas

________- Safavid Shah of Iran from 1588- 1629 who is known for his military and administrative reforms and his patronage of the arts.

Quipu

________: A system of record- keeping used by the Inca civilization, consisting of knotted strings of different colors and lengths.

New World

Gold, Glory, God- The three main motivations for European exploration and colonization of the ________ during the Age of Exploration; refers to the desire for wealth, fame, and spreading Christianity.

Diaspora Communities

________- Groups of people who have been dispersed from their original homeland and settled in different parts of the world.

Renaissance

________: A period of cultural and artistic rebirth in Europe from the 14th to 17th centuries, characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning and humanism.

Daimyo

________: A powerful Japanese feudal lord who controlled a large portion of land and vassals.

Encomienda

________: A Spanish colonial system in which colonizers were granted land and Native American labor in exchange for converting them to Christianity and protecting them.

Middle Passage

________- The transatlantic voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas; important in the history of the slave trade and European colonialism.

Hinduism

________: A major religion originating in India that encompasses diverse beliefs, practices, and traditions, including the concepts of karma, dharma, and reincarnation.

Samurai

________- A warrior class in feudal Japan that served the nobility and followed a strict code of honor known as Bushido.

cultivation of crops

They were used for agriculture, particularly for the ________ like maize, beans, and squash.

Creoles

________: Spanish colonizers who were born in the colonies but had Spanish ancestry and often faced discrimination from Peninsulares.

Shogun

________- The military ruler of Japan during the feudal period, who held real power while the emperor was a figurehead.

Protestants

________- Christians who broke away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation, which began in the 16th century; includes various denominations such as Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans.

Ottoman Turks

________- A Muslim empire that emerged in Anatolia in the 14th century and lasted until the early 20th century, known for its military conquests and cultural achievements.

Cash Crops

________: Agricultural products grown for sale rather than for personal consumption, often associated with the Atlantic slave trade and colonialism.

Compass

________: An instrument used for navigation that shows the direction of magnetic north and helped sailors explore and map the world.

Mansa Musa

________- The 14th- century emperor of the Mali Empire, known for his wealth and his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Pax Mongolica

________- A period of peace and stability that occurred in Eurasia during the Mongol Empire, allowing for increased trade and cultural exchange.

Civil Service Exam

________- An examination system in imperial China used to select candidates for government positions based on merit and knowledge of Confucianism.

Ferdinand Magellan

________: A Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519- 1522.

Suleyman

________ the Magnificent- Ottoman Sultan who ruled from 1520- 1566 and oversaw a period of great expansion and cultural achievement in the Ottoman Empire.

South America

Inca: A civilization that flourished in ________ from the 13th to 16th century.

Peninsulares

________: Spanish colonizers who were born in Spain and held high positions of power in the colonies.

Foot Binding

________: A practice that was widespread in China from the 10th to early 20th century, in which the feet of young girls were tightly bound to prevent normal growth.

Caravel

________: A small, fast sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese that enabled long- distance travel and exploration.

Confucianism

________- A philosophy and ethical system originating in ancient China that emphasizes the importance of morality, family values, and social order.

Atahualpa

________- Last Incan emperor of Peru, who was captured by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1532 and executed the following year.

Japan

Feudalism: A political and social system prevalent in medieval Europe and ________, where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service.

Holy Land

Crusades: A series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the medieval period over control of the ________.

Astrolabe

________: An instrument used for navigation and to determine the altitude of celestial bodies, invented by ancient Greeks and improved by Muslims.

Marco Polo

________- A Venetian merchant and traveler who wrote a famous account of his travels to China and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century.

Mexico

Aztecs: A Mesoamerican civilization that existed in ________ from the 14th to 16th century.

Akbar

________- Mughal Emperor of India from 1556- 1605, known for his religious tolerance and cultural achievements, including the construction of the Taj Mahal.

Maya

________: A Mesoamerican civilization that existed in Central America from the 3rd to 16th century.

East Asia

It allowed for multiple harvests per year and contributed to population growth and economic development in ________.

Francisco Pizarro

________- Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire in Peru in the 16th century and established Spanish control over much of South America.

Moctezuma

________- Aztec emperor who ruled at the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, led by Hernan Cortes in 1519- 1521.

Caravanserai

________: A type of inn or rest stop used by travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia, particularly along trade routes like the Silk Road.

Aztecs

A Mesoamerican civilization that existed in Mexico from the 14th to 16th century

Caste System

A social hierarchy system that divides people into different classes based on birth, occupation, and social status

Zheng He

A Chinese admiral and explorer who led several expeditions during the early 15th century to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa

Inca

A civilization that flourished in South America from the 13th to 16th century

Abbasid Caliphate

An Islamic dynasty that ruled over a vast empire from 750 to 1258 CE

Quipu

A system of record-keeping used by the Inca civilization, consisting of knotted strings of different colors and lengths

Caliph

A title given to the leader of the Islamic community, particularly during the early Islamic period

Maya

A Mesoamerican civilization that existed in Central America from the 3rd to 16th century

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that emerged in India in the 2nd century CE and spread to China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

Mita System

A labor system used by the Inca civilization, in which individuals were required to work for the state for a certain period each year

Tenochtitlan

The capital city of the Aztec civilization, located in the Valley of Mexico

Black Death

A pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing an estimated 25 million people, or one third of the population

Caravanserai

A type of inn or rest stop used by travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia, particularly along trade routes like the Silk Road

Champa Rice

A fast-maturing rice variety that originated in Vietnam in the 13th century

Foot-Binding

A practice that was widespread in China from the 10th to early 20th century, in which the feet of young girls were tightly bound to prevent normal growth

Genghis Khan

The founder and first emperor of the Mongol Empire, known for his military conquests and leadership

Khanates

The political entities that were established after the death of Genghis Khan, each led by one of his descendants

Mongols

A nomadic people from Central Asia who were skilled horsemen and warriors, and established a vast empire under Genghis Khan

Kublai Khan

The fifth emperor of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279 AD, known for its advances in science, technology, and the arts

Middle Kingdom

The Chinese concept of their country being the center of the world and the intermediary between heaven and earth

Civil Service Exam

An examination system in imperial China used to select candidates for government positions based on merit and knowledge of Confucianism

Yuan Dynasty

The dynasty in China established by Kublai Khan, which lasted from 1271 to 1368 AD

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that followed the Yuan Dynasty, ruling from 1368 to 1644 AD and known for its economic prosperity and cultural achievements

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace and stability that occurred in Eurasia during the Mongol Empire, allowing for increased trade and cultural exchange

Silk Roads

A network of trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean, known for the exchange of goods, ideas, and religions

Sand Roads

A network of trade routes in Africa that crossed the Sahara desert and facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas between the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa

Sea Roads

Maritime trade routes that connected the East and West, allowing for the exchange of goods, ideas, and religions

Confucianism

A philosophy and ethical system originating in ancient China that emphasizes the importance of morality, family values, and social order

Samurai

A warrior class in feudal Japan that served the nobility and followed a strict code of honor known as Bushido

Shogun

The military ruler of Japan during the feudal period, who held real power while the emperor was a figurehead

Ottoman Turks

A Muslim empire that emerged in Anatolia in the 14th century and lasted until the early 20th century, known for its military conquests and cultural achievements

Diaspora Communities

Groups of people who have been dispersed from their original homeland and settled in different parts of the world

Mansa Musa

The 14th-century emperor of the Mali Empire, known for his wealth and his pilgrimage to Mecca

Kingdom of Ghana

A medieval West African kingdom that flourished from the 6th to the 13th century, known for its gold and salt trade

Mali Empire

A medieval West African empire that flourished from the 13th to the 16th century, known for its wealth, scholarship, and Islamic culture

Songhai Empire

A West African empire that existed from the 15th to the 16th century, known for its military conquests and trading network

Great Zimbabwe

A medieval African city that flourished from the 11th to the 15th century, known for its impressive stone structures and its role in trade

Ibn Batuta

A 14th-century Moroccan scholar and traveler who documented his journeys throughout the Islamic world and beyond

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant and traveler who wrote a famous account of his travels to China and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century

Swahili City States

A series of city-states along the East African coast that flourished from the 9th to the 16th century, known for their trade with the Indian Ocean world

Daimyo

A powerful Japanese feudal lord who controlled a large portion of land and vassals

Feudalism

A political and social system prevalent in medieval Europe and Japan, where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service

Indulgences

In Catholicism, the forgiveness of sins granted by the Church in exchange for a donation or act of piety

Crusades

A series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the medieval period over control of the Holy Land

Hanseatic League

A confederation of merchant guilds in medieval Europe that dominated trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions

Hinduism

A major religion originating in India that encompasses diverse beliefs, practices, and traditions, including the concepts of karma, dharma, and reincarnation

Renaissance

A period of cultural and artistic rebirth in Europe from the 14th to 17th centuries, characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning and humanism

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in the 15th century in the Punjab region of India, combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Reformation

A religious movement in Europe in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther, that resulted in the formation of Protestantism and the splintering of the Christian church