11 - Livestock Urinary Disease II

Ascending

Are UTIs in livestock more likely to be ascending or hematogenous infections? They can include cystitis and pyelonephritis. The urachus can also be involved in neonates.

Female

Are male or female livestock more likely to get UTIs?

Cystitis

Which type of UTI is usually caused by either E. coli or C. renale? It is more common in females, and causes pollakiuria and dysuria (retains urination posture)? It will show variable UA results, normal/hemorrhagic/purulent urine, blood/protein on dipstick, and sediment with RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, and no casts.

Pyelonephritis

Which type of UTI is an ascending infection and usually occurs due to either C. renale, E. coli, or T. pyogenes? It will cause fever, pollakiuria, dysuria, lordosis, colic, and pain on kidney palpation. It will show blood/protein and casts on UA, and bloodwork will show inflammatory leukogram, hyperfibrinogenemia, mild anemia, elevated globulins, and renal azotemia in some cases.

C. renale

Which agent in cystitis and pyelonephritis produces urease, damaging tissue, promoting bacterial growth, and adhering to the tract lining?

Poor

What is the prognosis for pyelonephritis with renal azotemia?

Pyelonephritis

Which one, cystitis or pyelonephritis, will produce casts on UA?

14

Antibiotic treatment of UTIs uses culture and sensitivity, and preemptively includes beta-lactams, sulfas, and oxytetracyclines. The minimum treatment period is how many days? It can be done up to 3 weeks, and chronic cases will be more difficult to treat. Hydration, NSAID use, and urine acidification (ammonium chloride) are also important.

Acorn

Toxicity in cattle from what plant structure/product is caused by high levels of tannins, damaging the GI tract and kidneys? Symptoms include loss of appetite, constipation, black bloody diarrhea, excess drinking/urination, dehydration, and edema. There is no specific cure, only prevention.

Pulpy

What type of kidney (a disease caused by C. perfringens type D) can cause sudden death in sheep? There is no vaccine, glucose will appear in urine, and an impression smear of the kidney, or Ag ELISA of ileal contents are done for diagnosis. Diets should be changed slowly, as sudden changes may increase chance of disease.

Urolithiasis

Male animals, and the bladder and urethra, are most associated with which urinary tract condition? Risk factors include Ca, Mg, P, and oxalate imbalances, low water intake, and breeds like Pygmy and Nigerian Dwarf goats.

Good

How able are struvite crystals able to dissolve?

Poor

How able are Calcium carbonate, Calcium oxalate, and Silica crystals to dissolve?

Fair

How able are Calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite crystals to dissolve?

Alkaline

Struvite, Calcium Carbonate, and Calcium Phosphate Hydroxyapatite crystals are more likely to develop in what type of pH?

Silica

Which crystal can form in any urine pH?

Creatinine

Which one, CK or Creatinine, should be measured in abdominal fluid taken from a suspected urolithiasis case? Normal values are less than 1:1.5-2 in a ratio of abdominal fluid to serum levels.

Yes

Can rupture from urolithiasis occur in 24-48 hours of blockage?

Yes

Should NSAIDs, monitoring, and diuresis be continued for a while even if a urolith is passed?

Rupture

Clinical signs of a bladder what, that are different from the initial urolithiasis symptoms, can include a small, non-palpable bladder, no straining, depression, dehydration, abdominal enlargement, increased RR, and ammonia odor in breath?

Uroabdomen

Depression, mental changes, recumbency, vocalization, abdominal distention, tachycardia, tachypnea, and GI stasis can occur due to a late what condition? Death can occur from respiratory/CV compromise from abdominal pressure/dehydration, hyperkalemia, and toxic effects on organs/tissues.

0.9

Fluid therapy with what percent NaCl is the first step, along with other stabilization measures, to treating a uroabdomen? This addresses hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperkalemia, and acidosis (bicarb can be added). It is given IV.

Posthitis

Ulcerative what, also called pizzle rot, is a condition mainly in males, and especially in Angora and Merino sheep? It begins at the preputial orifice and spreads internally over the prepuce and glans penis. It causes painful urination, breeding reluctance, arched back, moist/exudative/hemorrhagic scabs, yellow-brown coloration, swollen sheath, scarring, distortion, and urethral obstruction. In females it is called ulcerative vulvitis.

Protein

Ulcerative posthitis is predisposed by diets high in what? Excess N is metabolized to urea. C. renale will then overgrow, cleaving urea into ammonia and causing chemical dermatitis. The solution is to reduce protein in feed, give systemic/topical antibiotics (penicillin and similar), surgical resection if stricture occurs, and prevention several months pre-breeding.