Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the anatomy and structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as presented in the lecture notes.

Prokaryote

An organism with no true nucleus; characterized by a single circular chromosome.

Eukaryote

An organism with a true nucleus, containing paired chromosomes within a nuclear membrane.

Glycocalyx

A viscous and gelatinous layer external to the cell wall, composed of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide.

Peptidoglycan

A polymer that makes up the cell walls of bacteria, consisting of sugars and amino acids.

Gram-positive

Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layers in their cell walls, retaining crystal violet stain during Gram staining.

Gram-negative

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, appearing pink after Gram staining.

Flagella

Filamentous appendages that propel bacteria, made of the protein flagellin.

Endospores

Resting cells produced by certain bacteria, resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals.

Cytoplasm

The substance inside the plasma membrane that includes cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of protein and ribosomal RNA.