BIOL 1010 Final Exam Kearley

testes

a structure of the male reproductive system that produces sperm

Seminiferous tubules

structure of the male reproductive system; coiled tubules- sperm production

Epididymis

structure of the male reproductive system, duct that sperm enters after leaving the testis- becomes motile

Vas deferens

structure of the male reproductive system; tube that carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

Urethra

tube in the interior of the penis

Semen

formed when glandular secretions mix with sperm

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

seminal vesicle

secretes fructose into semen, sperm use this as an energy source

Prostate gland

secretions from this gland buffer the pH of the female reproductive tract

Bulbourethral glands

these 2 glands have secretions that buffer the pH of the female repro tract

Spermatogenesis

cells in testes undergo mitosis and produce primary spermatocytes

LH in males

in males this hormone promotes cells (interstitial tissues) to secrete testosterone

FSH in males

in males this hormone starts spermatogenesis

Testosterone

male hormone that stimulates the formation of sperm

ovaries

structure of the female reproductive system that produces oocytes (immature eggs)

Oviducts

females have 2 of these that are a channel from the ovary to the uterus

Uterus

hollow organ of the female reproductive system in which the embryo can grown and develop

Endometrium

inner lining of the uterus wall where the embryo implants

Cervix

narrow portion of the uterus above the vagina

Vagina

muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the surface of the body- receives sperm and is part of the birth canal

Oogenesis

takes place in the ovaries; primary oocytes enter meiosis I, but the body arrests meiosis I and then it resumes with the first menstrual cycle

Follicle

the primary oocyte and the cell layer around it

Secondary oocyte

gets nearly all the cytoplasm; has a haploid number of chromosomes

Polar body

gets almost done of the cytoplasm during oogenesis

FSH in menstrual cycle

at the start of the menstrual cycle concentrations of this hormone increase

Estrogen

at the start of the menstrual cycle this hormone stimulates the growth of the endometrium

Ovulation

the oocyte matures and escapes from an ovary

LH in menstrual cycle

surge of this hormone triggers corpus luteum formation and ovulation

Corpus luteum

secretes progesterone and estrogen; lasts about 12 days if fertilization does not occur then it self destructs

Progesterone and Estrogen

the levels of these hormones crash after the corpus luteum and endometrium breaks down

28 days

How long is the menstrual cycle?

14 days after cycle

When does ovulation always take place?

Fertilization

this will occur if sperm arrives in the oviducts around the time of ovulation

Zygote

what is created when the sperm and egg fuse

LH in pregnancy

this hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone; when fertilization takes place it phases out

chorionic gonadotropin

hormone produced by embryonic cells that is present only when fertilization takes place; stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone

Placenta

at the end of the third month of pregnancy this structure begins to produce progesterone

Lactation

important to providing nourishment for newborns; occurs in the mammary glands in the breast

How is milk produced?

By removing calcium, sugar, vitamins, and water from the blood

Prolactin

synthesis of enzymes required for milk production

Oxytocin

hormone that causes contractions at the end of pregnancy; it is also released when a newborn suckles, triggering contractions that force milk

Colustrum

clear, yellow fluid that contains antibodies and is produced in the first 3 days after birth

Dendrites

extensions where the neuron receives information

Axon

extensions that carry signals away from neurons

Action potential

how neurons accept and pass on signals; reversal in charge across a neuron's plasma membrane

Synaptic cleft

narrow cleft between the output zone of a neuron and the input zone of an adjacent cell

Neurotransmitters

signaling molecules that diffuse across synaptic clefts

Sensory neurons

neurons that detect stimuli

motor neurons

neurons that react to stimuli

nerves

long axons of sensory or motor neurons

reflexes

automatic movements made in response to stimuli

sensory neurons

connected to motor neurons in the spinal cord

central nervous system

part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord

brain

control center of the nervous system

spinal cord

expressway for signal between the peripheral nervous system and the brain

peripheral nervous system

nerves which thread through the rest of the body, contains somatic and autonomic nerves

somatic nerves

controls skeletal muscles (reflex arcs); voluntary

autonomic nerves

control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands

tympanic membrane

where the external ear canal terminates; transmits movements from soundwaves to 3 ear bones (ossicles)

Malleus- Incus- Stapes

ossicles that transmit movements to the oval window

Cochlea

contains fluid; when the oval window moves it moves the fluid within this structure

Organ of Corti

detects the movement of fluids within the cochlea and transmits this info to the brain via the auditory nerve

Cornea

clear covering of the eye

Iris

muscle that regulates the amount of light that passes into the eye (colored part)

Pupil

where light enters the eye

Lens

focuses images onto the retina

Retina

thin layer in the back of the eye that contains 2 types of photoreceptors- cones and rods

Cones

part of the retina the perceives color and detail vision

Fovea Centralis

central pat of the retina were cones are clumped

Rods

scattered throughout the retina; these help with vision in low-light conditions

Optic Nerve

carries sensory information from the eyes to the brain

Exponential growth

growth curve that is increasing by a percentage

Logistic growth curve

growth curve where a population has a carrying capacity ( a pop. Limit)

what does I = PAT stand for?

Impact = population x affluence x technology

Biodiversity

the variety of different species, genetic variability, and the variety of ecosystems within an area

Homeostasis

stable internal operating conditions within the body

body temperature, sweating, chills

What are some examples of homeostasis?

Protection, control internal temp, sensory receptors

What are the functions of the integument?

Epidermis

layer of the skin made up of the stratum corneum and stratum basale

Dermis

layer of the skin made up of blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands, and sensory nerves

Stratum Corneum

layer of the epidermis made up of flattened dead skin cells

stratum basale

bottom layer of the epidermis made up of melanocytes

Arrector pili

layer of the dermis that causes goose bumps

Basal Cell carcinoma, squamos cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma (worst)

What are the types of skin cancer?

Hyaline cartilage

cartilage found in the end of nose, sternum & in articulating joints

Elastic cartilage

cartilage found in the external ear

fibrocartilage

cartilage found in interveterable disks (back)

compact bone

type of bone found in the outside of the bone

Osteocytes

found in compact bone and housed in spaces called lacunae

Haversian systems

part of the bone with concentric circles called lamellae

Haversian canal

part of the bone at center of Haversian systems, contains blood vessels and nerves

Canaliculi

tiny channels that connect Haversian canals to osteyocytes

Spongy Bone

type of bone found in the epiphysis (ends); contains red marrow that produces blood cells

Cartilage

does not contain blood and takes longer to heal

Bone

contains blood, doesn't take as long to heal, is stronger

bone formation

secretions made by osteoblasts become mineralized; remodeling occurs when minerals are deposited and removed at the same time

Bone growth

somatotropin stimulates osteoblasts to deposit matrix to the outside of the bone; osteoclasts remove matrix

Skeletal Joints

joints with areas of contact or near-contact btw bones

fibrous joints

joints that have have no gaps between the bones (ex: skull)

cartilaginous joints

joints that permit only slight movement (ex: intervertebral disks)