CH2 CHEM PT 3 - CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides -

Vocabulary flashcards covering key carbohydrate concepts from Chapters 1-6, including definitions of organic compounds, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and related terms.

Organic compound

A compound that contains a carbon backbone (carbon atoms linked together).

Carbohydrate

A biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; provides energy; typically polar and water-soluble.

Glucose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) with formula C6H12O6; can be drawn in linear or ring form; primary energy source.

Monosaccharide

The simplest unit of carbohydrates; cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by dehydration synthesis linking two monosaccharides; examples include maltose, sucrose, lactose.

Polysaccharide

A large carbohydrate polymer made of many monosaccharide units; examples include glycogen, starch, cellulose.

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reaction that removes water to join monomers into disaccharides or polysaccharides; anabolic.

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction that adds water to break bonds; reverse of dehydration synthesis.

Maltose

Disaccharide formed from glucose + glucose via dehydration synthesis.

Sucrose

Disaccharide formed from glucose + fructose; common table sugar.

Lactose

Disaccharide formed from glucose + galactose; main sugar in milk.

Glycogen

Polysaccharide storage form of glucose in animals; highly branched and stored in liver/muscles.

Starch

Polysaccharide storage form in plants (e.g., potatoes, bread); digestible by humans.

Cellulose

Polysaccharide of glucose with bonds humans cannot digest; constitutes dietary fiber.

Fiber

Indigestible cellulose component that aids stool movement by drawing water; important for digestion.

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

The three simple sugars studied in this class: glucose, fructose, and galactose.