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Cofactor
________: non- protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate.
H2O
________ is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.
are
Enzymes ________ dependent on other molecules to function.
Hydrogen bonding
________ creates surface tension in water.
Allosteric regulation
________: inhbits (inhibitor) or stimulates (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.
Denaturation
________: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change.
Cellulose
________: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed.
Buffer
________: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed.
Unsaturated
________ fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)
Dehydration
________: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages.
Carbon
________: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches.
Amylopectin
________: branches helical plant starch, energy storage.
Sulfhydryl
________: Non- polar, insoluble, di- sulfide bridges.
Saturated
________ fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken.
Proteins
________ are used to convey genetic information.
Triglycerides
________: 3 chains on the glycerol.
Amylose
________: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage.
Chitin
________: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton.
Nucleotides
________ are made up of: Phosphate, 5C sugar & Bases.
Phospholipids
________: cell membrane bi-layer. Phosphate, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).
Competitive inhibitors
________: enter binding site to block substrate.
Dehydration synthesis
________: water is removed so 2 units can join.
Hydration synthesis
________: water is added to so 2 units can break down.
Reversible inhibition
________: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after.
Irreversible inhibition
________: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled.
Noncompetitive inhibitors
________: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.
Enzymes
________ allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions.
Saturated
________ fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain.
Unsaturated
________ fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid.
Enzyme
________: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.
Fatty acids
________: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl (+ hydroxyl) on the end. Non-polar.
Polar
Hydrophilic
Non-polar
Hydrophobic
donor
Acids are a H+
acceptor
Bases are a H+
Glycosidic
linkages between carbohydrates
Monosachardies
Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & hydroxyl. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.
Disacharide
Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. Hydroxyl. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
Polysacharide
Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. Hydroxly. Starch & cellulose.
Fat
Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl). Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.
Saturated fat
saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken
Unsaturated fat
kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid
Esther linkage
linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains
Steroids
hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. Hydroxly. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.
Wax
Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl). Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.
particular substrates
Activite sites on enzyme are specific to
substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH
Enzyme activity is affected by
Induced fit
not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout
Hydroxyl
Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.
Carbonyl
Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.
Carboxyl
Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).
Amine
Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.
Phosphate
Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.
Sulfhydryl
Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges
Primary structure
Amino acids → Peptide
Secondary structure
→ Polypeptide
Tertiary structure
→ Protein
Quaternary structure
→ Functioning protein
Peptide bonds
N-C-C → N-C-C
Denaturation
happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change
Nucleotides are made up of
Phosphate, 5C sugar & Bases
Bases
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.
Purines
double ringed, A, D
Pyrimidines
single ringed, T/U, C
Animal starch
glycogen, energy storage
C:H:O
1:2:1
Lactose
Glu + Gal =
Maltose
Glu + Glu =
Sucrose
Glu + Fru =
Nucleid acid
Nucleotides→ ___________ (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids
60%
How much the human body is water?
Less
Water is ____ dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.
