Biology: Unit 1 Review

Cofactor

________: non- protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate.

H2O

________ is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.

are

Enzymes ________ dependent on other molecules to function.

Hydrogen bonding

________ creates surface tension in water.

Allosteric regulation

________: inhbits (inhibitor) or stimulates (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.

Denaturation

________: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change.

Cellulose

________: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed.

Buffer

________: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed.

Unsaturated

________ fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)

Dehydration

________: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages.

Carbon

________: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches.

Amylopectin

________: branches helical plant starch, energy storage.

Sulfhydryl

________: Non- polar, insoluble, di- sulfide bridges.

Saturated

________ fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken.

Proteins

________ are used to convey genetic information.

Triglycerides

________: 3 chains on the glycerol.

Amylose

________: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage.

Chitin

________: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton.

Nucleotides

________ are made up of: Phosphate, 5C sugar & Bases.

Phospholipids

________: cell membrane bi-layer. Phosphate, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).

Competitive inhibitors

________: enter binding site to block substrate.

Dehydration synthesis

________: water is removed so 2 units can join.

Hydration synthesis

________: water is added to so 2 units can break down.

Reversible inhibition

________: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after.

Irreversible inhibition

________: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled.

Noncompetitive inhibitors

________: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.

Enzymes

________ allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions.

Saturated

________ fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain.

Unsaturated

________ fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid.

Enzyme

________: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.

Fatty acids

________: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl (+ hydroxyl) on the end. Non-polar.

Polar

Hydrophilic

Non-polar

Hydrophobic

donor

Acids are a H+

acceptor

Bases are a H+

Glycosidic

linkages between carbohydrates

Monosachardies

Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & hydroxyl. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.

Disacharide

Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. Hydroxyl. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.

Polysacharide

Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. Hydroxly. Starch & cellulose.

Fat

Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl). Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.

Saturated fat

saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken

Unsaturated fat

kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid

Esther linkage

linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains

Steroids

hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. Hydroxly. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.

Wax

Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl). Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.

particular substrates

Activite sites on enzyme are specific to

substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH

Enzyme activity is affected by

Induced fit

not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout

Hydroxyl

Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.

Carbonyl

Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.

Carboxyl

Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).

Amine

Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.

Phosphate

Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.

Sulfhydryl

Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges

Primary structure

Amino acids → Peptide

Secondary structure

→ Polypeptide

Tertiary structure

→ Protein

Quaternary structure

→ Functioning protein

Peptide bonds

N-C-C → N-C-C

Denaturation

happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change

Nucleotides are made up of

Phosphate, 5C sugar & Bases

Bases

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.

Purines

double ringed, A, D

Pyrimidines

single ringed, T/U, C

Animal starch

glycogen, energy storage

C:H:O

1:2:1

Lactose

Glu + Gal =

Maltose

Glu + Glu =

Sucrose

Glu + Fru =

Nucleid acid

Nucleotides→ ___________ (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids

60%

How much the human body is water?

Less

Water is ____ dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.