Business IB Bible

assembly process

A production process in which the basic inputs are either combined to create the output or transformed into the output.

bill of material

A list of the items and the number of each required to make a given product.

blockchain technology

Refers to a decentralized "public ledger" of all transactions that have ever been executed. It is constantly expanding, as "completed" blocks are added to the ledger with each new transaction.

business process management (BPM)

A unified system that has the power to integrate and optimize a company's sprawling functions by automating much of what it does.

CAD/CAM systems

Linked computer systems that combine the advantages of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. The system helps design the product, control the flow of resources needed to produce the product, and operate the production process.

cellular manufacturing

Production technique that uses small, self-contained production units, each performing all or most of the tasks necessary to complete a manufacturing order.

computer-aided design (CAD)

The use of computers to design and test new products and modify existing ones.

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

The use of computers to develop and control the production process.

computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

The combination of computerized manufacturing processes (such as robots and flexible manufacturing systems) with other computerized systems that control design, inventory, production, and purchasing.

continuous improvement

A commitment to constantly seek better ways of doing things in order to achieve greater efficiency and improve quality.

continuous process

A production process that uses long production runs lasting days, weeks, or months without equipment shutdowns; generally used for high-volume, low-variety products with standardized parts.

critical path

In a critical path method network, the longest path through the linked activities.

critical path method (CPM)

A scheduling tool that enables a manager to determine the critical path of activities for a project—the activities that will cause the entire project to fall behind schedule if they are not completed on time.

customization

The production of goods or services one at a time according to the specific needs or wants of individual customers.

e-procurement

The process of purchasing supplies and materials online using the internet.

electronic data interchange (EDI)

The electronic exchange of information between two trading partners.

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

A computerized resource-planning system that incorporates information about the firm's suppliers and customers with its internally generated data.

fixed-position layout

A facility arrangement in which the product stays in one place and workers and machinery move to it as needed.

flexible manufacturing system (FMS)

A system that combines automated workstations with computer-controlled transportation devices—automatic guided vehicles (AGV)—that move materials between workstations and into and out of the system.

Gantt charts

Bar graphs plotted on a time line that show the relationship between scheduled and actual production.

intermittent process

A production process that uses short production runs to make batches of different products; generally used for low-volume, high-variety products.

inventory

The supply of goods that a firm holds for use in production or for sale to customers.

inventory management

The determination of how much of each type of inventory a firm will keep on hand and the ordering, receiving, storing, and tracking of inventory.

ISO 14000

A set of technical standards designed by the International Organization for Standardization to promote clean production processes to protect the environment.

ISO 9000

A set of five technical standards of quality management created by the International Organization for Standardization to provide a uniform way of determining whether manufacturing plants and service organizations conform to sound quality procedures.

job shop

A manufacturing firm that produces goods in response to customer orders.

just-in-time (JIT)

A system in which materials arrive exactly when they are needed for production, rather than being stored on-site.

lean manufacturing

Streamlining production by eliminating steps in the production process that do not add benefits that customers want.

make-or-buy decision

The determination by a firm of whether to make its own production materials or to buy them from outside sources.

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award

An award given to recognize U.S. companies that offer goods and services of world-class quality; established by Congress in 1987 and named for a former secretary of commerce.

manufacturing resource planning II (MRPII)

A complex computerized system that integrates data from many departments to allow managers to more accurately forecast and assess the impact of production plans on profitability.

mass customization

A manufacturing process in which goods are mass-produced up to a point and then custom-tailored to the needs or desires of individual customers.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical goods at once.

materials requirement planning (MRP)

A computerized system of controlling the flow of resources and inventory. A master schedule is used to ensure that the materials, labor, and equipment needed for production are at the right places in the right amounts at the right times.

operations management

Management of the production process.

outsourcing

The purchase of items from an outside source rather than making them internally.

perpetual inventory

A continuously updated list of inventory levels, orders, sales, and receipts.

process layout

A facility arrangement in which work flows according to the production process. All workers performing similar tasks are grouped together, and products pass from one workstation to another.

process manufacturing

A production process in which the basic input is broken down into one or more outputs (products).

product (or assembly-line) layout

A facility arrangement in which workstations or departments are arranged in a line with products moving along the line.

production

The creation of products and services by turning inputs, such as natural resources, raw materials, human resources, and capital, into outputs, which are products and services.

production planning

The aspect of operations management in which the firm considers the competitive environment and its own strategic goals in an effort to find the best production methods.

production process

The way a good or service is created.

program evaluation and review technique (PERT)

A scheduling tool that is similar to the CPM method but assigns three time estimates for each activity (optimistic, most probable, and pessimistic); allows managers to anticipate delays and potential problems and schedule accordingly.

purchasing

The process of buying production inputs from various sources; also called procurement.

quality

Goods and services that meet customer expectations by providing reliable performance.

quality control

The process of creating quality standards, producing goods that meet them, and measuring finished goods and services against them.

robotics

The technology involved in designing, constructing, and operating computer-controlled machines that can perform tasks independently.

routing

The aspect of production control that involves setting out the work flow—the sequence of machines and operations through which the product or service progresses from start to finish.

scheduling

The aspect of production control that involves specifying and controlling the time required for each step in the production process.

Six Sigma

A quality-control process that relies on defining what needs to be done to ensure quality, measuring and analyzing production results statistically, and finding ways to improve and control quality.

supply chain

The entire sequence of securing inputs, producing goods, and delivering goods to customers.

supply-chain management

The process of smoothing transitions along the supply chain so that the firm can satisfy its customers with quality products and services; focuses on developing tight bonds with suppliers.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

The use of quality principles in all aspects of a company's production and operations.

value-stream mapping

Routing technique that uses simple icons to visually represent the flow of materials and information from suppliers through the factory to customers.

equity theory

A theory of motivation based on employees' perceptions of fair treatment compared with their coworkers.

expectancy theory

A theory of motivation based on the probability of an individual acting in a certain way and the value placed on the outcome.

goal-setting theory

A theory of motivation based on the premise that an individual's intention to work toward a goal is a primary source of motivation.

Hawthorne effect

The phenomenon where employees perform better when they feel singled out for attention or believe management is concerned about their welfare.

hygiene factors

Extrinsic elements of the work environment that do not contribute to employee satisfaction or motivation.

job enlargement

The horizontal expansion of a job by increasing the number and variety of tasks that a person performs.

job enrichment

The vertical expansion of a job by increasing the employee's autonomy, responsibility, and decision-making authority.

job rotation

The shifting of workers from one job to another; also called cross-training.

job sharing

A scheduling option that allows two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory of motivation developed by Abraham Maslow, based on five levels of needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization.

motivating factors

Intrinsic job elements that lead to worker satisfaction.

motivation

Something that prompts a person to release energy in a certain direction.

need

The gap between what is and what is required.

punishment

Anything that decreases a specific behavior.

reinforcement theory

A theory of motivation based on the idea that people do things because they know certain consequences will follow.

reward

Anything that increases a specific behavior.

scientific management

A system developed by Frederick W. Taylor based on a scientific approach to job elements, worker selection and training, cooperation, and work division.

Theory X

A management style based on a pessimistic view of human nature and assumptions about work, responsibility, and security.

Theory Y

A management style based on a relatively optimistic view of human nature and assumptions about work, responsibility, and self-direction.

Theory Z

A theory combining U.S. and Japanese business practices, emphasizing long-term employment, moderate specialization, group decision-making, and individual responsibility.

want

The gap between what is and what is desired.

Legitimate power

Power granted by the organization and acknowledged by employees, allowing an individual to request action and expect compliance.

Centralization

The degree to which formal authority is concentrated in one area or level of an organization, with top management making most decisions.

Chain of command

The line of authority that extends from one level of an organization's hierarchy to the next, making clear who reports to whom.

Committee structure

An organizational structure in which authority and responsibility are held by a group rather than an individual.

Cross-functional team

Members from the same organizational level but from different functional areas.

Customer departmentalization

Departmentalization based on the primary type of customer served by the organizational unit.

Decentralization

The process of pushing decision-making authority down the organizational hierarchy.

Delegation of authority

The assignment of some degree of authority and responsibility to persons lower in the chain of command.

Departmentalization

The process of grouping jobs together so that similar or associated tasks and activities can be coordinated.

Division of labor

The process of dividing work into separate jobs and assigning tasks to workers.

Formal organization

The order and design of relationships within a firm, consisting of two or more people working together with a common objective and clarity of purpose.

Functional departmentalization

Departmentalization based on the primary functions performed within an organizational unit.

Geographic departmentalization

Departmentalization based on the geographic segmentation of the organizational units.

Group cohesiveness

The degree to which group members want to stay in the group and tend to resist outside influences.

Informal organization

The network of connections and channels of communication based on the informal relationships of individuals inside an organization.

Line organization

An organizational structure with direct, clear lines of authority and communication flowing from the top managers downward.

Line positions

All positions directly concerned with producing goods and services and directly connected from top to bottom.

Line-and-staff organization

An organizational structure that includes both line and staff positions.

Managerial hierarchy

The levels of management within an organization, typically including top, middle, and supervisory management.

Matrix structure (project management)

An organizational structure that combines functional and product departmentalization by bringing together people from different functional areas of the organization to work on a special project.

Mechanistic organization

An organizational structure characterized by a relatively high degree of job specialization, rigid departmentalization, many layers of management, narrow spans of control, centralized decision-making, and a long chain of command.

Organic organization

An organizational structure characterized by a relatively low degree of job specialization, loose departmentalization, few levels of management, wide spans of control, decentralized decision-making, and a short chain of command.

Organization

The order and design of relationships within a firm, consisting of two or more people working together with a common objective and clarity of purpose.

Organization chart

A visual representation of the structured relationships among tasks and the people given the authority to do those tasks.