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ISLAMIAT – LECTURE 3
BIOGRAPHY OF PROPHET (PBUH)
NoteStudied by 14 peopleMy Mom
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NoteStudied by 238 peopleCh 7 - Market equilibrium, price mechanism, and market efficiency
NoteStudied by 33 peopleChapter 13 - Power & politics
NoteStudied by 14 peoplePueblo uprising of 1680
NoteStudied by 14 people
Biology: Unit 1 Review
- Carbon: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches
- Polar: Hydrophilic
- Non-polar: Hydrophobic
- Acids are a H+: donor
- Bases are a H+: Accept-or
- C:H:O → 1:2:1
- Glycosidic : linkages between carbohydrates
- Monosachardies: Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & ^^hydroxyl^^. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.
- Disacharide: Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. ^^Hydroxyl^^. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
- Polysacharide: Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. ^^Hydroxly^^. Starch & cellulose.
- Glu + Gal = Lactose
- Glu + Glu = Maltose
- Glu + Fru = Sucrose
- Fatty acids: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl)^^ on the end. Non-polar.
- Saturated fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain
- Unsaturated fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)
- Fat: Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.
- Triglycerides: 3 chains on the glycerol
- Saturated fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken
- Unsaturated fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid
- Esther linkage: linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains
- Phospholipids: cell membrane bi-layer. ^^Phosphate^^, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^
- Steroids: hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. ^^Hydroxly^^. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.
- Wax: Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.
- Enzyme: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.
- Activite sites on enzyme are specific to: particular substrates.
- Enzyme activity is affected by: substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH.
- Competitive inhibitors: enter binding site to block substrate.
- Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.
- Allosteric regulation: inhbit (inhibitor) or stimulate (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.
- Induced fit: not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout
- Cofactor: non-protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate
- Reversible inhibition: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after
- Irreversible inhibition: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled
- Hydroxyl: Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.
- Carbonyl: Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.
- Carboxyl: Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).
- Amine: Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.
- Phosphate: Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.
- Sulfhydryl: Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges. Cystine or mercaptoethanol.
- Primary structure: Amino acids → Peptide
- Secondary structure: → Polypeptide
- Tertiary structure: → Protein
- Quaternary structure: → Functioning protein
- Peptide bonds: N-C-C → N-C-C
- Denaturation: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change
- Dehydration: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages
- Nucleotides → Nucleid acid (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids
- Nucleotides are made up of: ^^Phosphate^^, 5C sugar & Bases.
- Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.
- Purines: double ringed, A, D
- Pyrimidines: single ringed, T/U, C
- Dehydration synthesis: water is removed so 2 units can join
- Hydration synthesis: water is added to so 2 units can break down
- Buffer: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed
- Amylose: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage
- Amylopectin: branches helical plant starch, energy storage
- Animal starch: glycogen, energy storage
- Cellulose: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed
- Chitin: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton
- How much the human body is water? 60%
- The polarity of water leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
- H2O is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.
- Hydrogen bonding creates surface tension in water.
- Proteins are used to convey genetic information.
- Enzymes allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions
- Water is LESS dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.
- Enzymes are dependent on other molecules to function.
Note
5.0(3)
Explore Top NotesNoteStudied by 14 peopleNoteStudied by 31 peopleNoteStudied by 238 peopleNoteStudied by 33 peopleNoteStudied by 14 peopleNoteStudied by 14 people
ISLAMIAT – LECTURE 3
BIOGRAPHY OF PROPHET (PBUH)
NoteStudied by 14 peopleMy Mom
NoteStudied by 31 peopleap stats notes
NoteStudied by 238 peopleCh 7 - Market equilibrium, price mechanism, and market efficiency
NoteStudied by 33 peopleChapter 13 - Power & politics
NoteStudied by 14 peoplePueblo uprising of 1680
NoteStudied by 14 people