AV

Biology: Unit 1 Review

  • Carbon: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches
  • Polar: Hydrophilic
  • Non-polar: Hydrophobic
  • Acids are a H+: donor
  • Bases are a H+: Accept-or
  • C:H:O → 1:2:1
  • Glycosidic : linkages between carbohydrates
  • Monosachardies: Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & ^^hydroxyl^^. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.
  • Disacharide: Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. ^^Hydroxyl^^. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
  • Polysacharide: Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. ^^Hydroxly^^. Starch & cellulose.
  • Glu + Gal = Lactose
  • Glu + Glu = Maltose
  • Glu + Fru = Sucrose
  • Fatty acids: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl)^^ on the end. Non-polar.
  • Saturated fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain
  • Unsaturated fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)
  • Fat: Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.
  • Triglycerides: 3 chains on the glycerol
  • Saturated fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken
  • Unsaturated fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid
  • Esther linkage: linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains
  • Phospholipids: cell membrane bi-layer. ^^Phosphate^^, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^
  • Steroids: hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. ^^Hydroxly^^. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.
  • Wax: Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.
  • Enzyme: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.
  • Activite sites on enzyme are specific to: particular substrates.
  • Enzyme activity is affected by: substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH.
  • Competitive inhibitors: enter binding site to block substrate.
  • Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.
  • Allosteric regulation: inhbit (inhibitor) or stimulate (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.
  • Induced fit: not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout
  • Cofactor: non-protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate
  • Reversible inhibition: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after
  • Irreversible inhibition: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled
  • Hydroxyl: Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.
  • Carbonyl: Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.
  • Carboxyl: Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).
  • Amine: Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.
  • Phosphate: Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.
  • Sulfhydryl: Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges. Cystine or mercaptoethanol.
  • Primary structure: Amino acids → Peptide
  • Secondary structure: → Polypeptide
  • Tertiary structure: → Protein
  • Quaternary structure: → Functioning protein
  • Peptide bonds: N-C-C → N-C-C
  • Denaturation: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change
  • Dehydration: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages
  • Nucleotides → Nucleid acid (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids
  • Nucleotides are made up of: ^^Phosphate^^, 5C sugar & Bases.
  • Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.
  • Purines: double ringed, A, D
  • Pyrimidines: single ringed, T/U, C
  • Dehydration synthesis: water is removed so 2 units can join
  • Hydration synthesis: water is added to so 2 units can break down
  • Buffer: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed
  • Amylose: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage
  • Amylopectin: branches helical plant starch, energy storage
  • Animal starch: glycogen, energy storage
  • Cellulose: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed
  • Chitin: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton
  • How much the human body is water? 60%
  • The polarity of water leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
  • H2O is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.
  • Hydrogen bonding creates surface tension in water.
  • Proteins are used to convey genetic information.
  • Enzymes allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions
  • Water is LESS dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.
  • Enzymes are dependent on other molecules to function.