Note
5.0(3)
Explore Top Notes
Note
Studied by 7 peopleNoteStudied by 10 peopleNoteStudied by 42 peopleNoteStudied by 14 peopleNoteStudied by 4 peopleNoteStudied by 28 people
the Harry Potter Books And Movies
NoteStudied by 7 peopleListening and Empathetic Responding
NoteStudied by 10 peopleChapter 10: Computing Systems and Networks
NoteStudied by 42 peopleThe Cell
NoteStudied by 14 peopleTopic Development for Purpose and Focus - Goal Questions
NoteStudied by 4 peopleUnit 3 - Chapter 4
NoteStudied by 28 people
Biology: Unit 1 Review
- Carbon: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches
- Polar: Hydrophilic
- Non-polar: Hydrophobic
- Acids are a H+: donor
- Bases are a H+: Accept-or
- C:H:O → 1:2:1
- Glycosidic : linkages between carbohydrates
- Monosachardies: Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & ^^hydroxyl^^. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.
- Disacharide: Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. ^^Hydroxyl^^. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
- Polysacharide: Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. ^^Hydroxly^^. Starch & cellulose.
- Glu + Gal = Lactose
- Glu + Glu = Maltose
- Glu + Fru = Sucrose
- Fatty acids: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl)^^ on the end. Non-polar.
- Saturated fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain
- Unsaturated fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)
- Fat: Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.
- Triglycerides: 3 chains on the glycerol
- Saturated fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken
- Unsaturated fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid
- Esther linkage: linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains
- Phospholipids: cell membrane bi-layer. ^^Phosphate^^, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^
- Steroids: hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. ^^Hydroxly^^. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.
- Wax: Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.
- Enzyme: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.
- Activite sites on enzyme are specific to: particular substrates.
- Enzyme activity is affected by: substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH.
- Competitive inhibitors: enter binding site to block substrate.
- Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.
- Allosteric regulation: inhbit (inhibitor) or stimulate (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.
- Induced fit: not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout
- Cofactor: non-protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate
- Reversible inhibition: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after
- Irreversible inhibition: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled
- Hydroxyl: Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.
- Carbonyl: Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.
- Carboxyl: Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).
- Amine: Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.
- Phosphate: Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.
- Sulfhydryl: Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges. Cystine or mercaptoethanol.
- Primary structure: Amino acids → Peptide
- Secondary structure: → Polypeptide
- Tertiary structure: → Protein
- Quaternary structure: → Functioning protein
- Peptide bonds: N-C-C → N-C-C
- Denaturation: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change
- Dehydration: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages
- Nucleotides → Nucleid acid (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids
- Nucleotides are made up of: ^^Phosphate^^, 5C sugar & Bases.
- Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.
- Purines: double ringed, A, D
- Pyrimidines: single ringed, T/U, C
- Dehydration synthesis: water is removed so 2 units can join
- Hydration synthesis: water is added to so 2 units can break down
- Buffer: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed
- Amylose: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage
- Amylopectin: branches helical plant starch, energy storage
- Animal starch: glycogen, energy storage
- Cellulose: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed
- Chitin: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton
- How much the human body is water? 60%
- The polarity of water leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
- H2O is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.
- Hydrogen bonding creates surface tension in water.
- Proteins are used to convey genetic information.
- Enzymes allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions
- Water is LESS dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.
- Enzymes are dependent on other molecules to function.
Note
5.0(3)
Explore Top NotesNoteStudied by 7 peopleNoteStudied by 10 peopleNoteStudied by 42 peopleNoteStudied by 14 peopleNoteStudied by 4 peopleNoteStudied by 28 people
the Harry Potter Books And Movies
NoteStudied by 7 peopleListening and Empathetic Responding
NoteStudied by 10 peopleChapter 10: Computing Systems and Networks
NoteStudied by 42 peopleThe Cell
NoteStudied by 14 peopleTopic Development for Purpose and Focus - Goal Questions
NoteStudied by 4 peopleUnit 3 - Chapter 4
NoteStudied by 28 people