Biology: Unit 1 Review

• Carbon: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches
• Polar: Hydrophilic
• Non-polar: Hydrophobic
• Acids are a H+: donor
• Bases are a H+: Accept-or
• C:H:O → 1:2:1
• Glycosidic : linkages between carbohydrates
• Monosachardies: Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & ^^hydroxyl^^. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.
• Disacharide: Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. ^^Hydroxyl^^. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.
• Polysacharide: Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. ^^Hydroxly^^. Starch & cellulose.
• Glu + Gal = Lactose
• Glu + Glu = Maltose
• Glu + Fru = Sucrose
• Fatty acids: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl)^^ on the end. Non-polar.
• Saturated fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain
• Unsaturated fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)
• Fat: Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.
• Triglycerides: 3 chains on the glycerol
• Saturated fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken
• Unsaturated fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid
• Esther linkage: linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains
• Phospholipids: cell membrane bi-layer. ^^Phosphate^^, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^
• Steroids: hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. ^^Hydroxly^^. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.
• Wax: Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. ^^carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).^^ Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.
• Enzyme: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.
• Activite sites on enzyme are specific to: particular substrates.
• Enzyme activity is affected by: substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH.
• Competitive inhibitors: enter binding site to block substrate.
• Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.
• Allosteric regulation: inhbit (inhibitor) or stimulate (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.
• Induced fit: not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout
• Cofactor: non-protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate
• Reversible inhibition: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after
• Irreversible inhibition: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled
• Hydroxyl: Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.
• Carbonyl: Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.
• Carboxyl: Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).
• Amine: Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.
• Phosphate: Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.
• Sulfhydryl: Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges. Cystine or mercaptoethanol.
• Primary structure: Amino acids → Peptide
• Secondary structure: → Polypeptide
• Tertiary structure: → Protein
• Quaternary structure: → Functioning protein
• Peptide bonds: N-C-C → N-C-C
• Denaturation: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change
• Dehydration: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages
• Nucleotides → Nucleid acid (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids
• Nucleotides are made up of: ^^Phosphate^^, 5C sugar & Bases.
• Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.
• Purines: double ringed, A, D
• Pyrimidines: single ringed, T/U, C
• Dehydration synthesis: water is removed so 2 units can join
• Hydration synthesis: water is added to so 2 units can break down
• Buffer: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed
• Amylose: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage
• Amylopectin: branches helical plant starch, energy storage
• Animal starch: glycogen, energy storage
• Cellulose: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed
• Chitin: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton
• How much the human body is water? 60%
• The polarity of water leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
• H2O is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.
• Hydrogen bonding creates surface tension in water.
• Proteins are used to convey genetic information.
• Enzymes allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions
• Water is LESS dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.
• Enzymes are dependent on other molecules to function.

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