Module #2

Do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have ribosomes to synthesize proteins?

Yes!

What is the ER? What does it do?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

1. Complex network of interconnected tubules & flattened sacs

2. Involved in protein and lipid sysnthesis

What are the different types of ERs?

Rough ER

• Has ribosomes for protein synthesis

Smooth ER

• Has no ribosomes

• primary site in lipid synthesis

What is the Golgi Apparatus? What does it do?

1. Modifies proteins and lipids by the ER

2. Sorts proteins and lipids to their destination

3. Adds carbs to proteins and lipids

Mitochondria

produce energy in form of ATP

Lysosomes

membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes

Peroxisomes

oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of certain toxic compoundsd (hydrogen peroxide)

Between Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, what are the differences in DNA Shape?

Archea	Bacteria	Eukarya
Circular	Circular	Helix-shaped

What are Model Organisms?

non-human species that are used in research to understand biology

Define Chemical Reaction

the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

What are the 6 Special Properties of Water?

1. Perfect Solvent

2. Denser as a Liquid that a Solid

Tell me about Water Chemistry

• most abundant molecule in living things

• universal solvent

• its strong polarity is essential to its biological function

What is an H-bond?

a weak bond between a highly electronegative (N, O, F) atom and a hydrogen atom that is already bonded to another atom

Hydrophilic

molecules that form H-bonds with water

Hydrophobic

molecules that do not form H-bonds with water

When human cells are dehydrated, what are you left with?

dry mass made of:

• carbon

• oxygen

• hydrogen

• nitrogen

What is the name for molecules thtat contain carbon?

organic molecules

What are the tyes of Organic Moecules?

1. Proteins

   1. provide structural support and assist chemical reactions by acting as cataysts

2. Nucleic Acids

   1. encode and transmit genetic info

3. Carbs

   1. provide structural support for many organisms and are a source of energy

4. Lipids

   1. make up cell membranes, store energy, important in cell communication

   2. DO NOT FORM POLYMERS

What is a Condensation Reaction?

A covelent bond formed between two molecules that produces water

What makes a functional group more electronegative?

the following molecules being a part of the functional group:

• sulfur

• phosphorus

What are Nucleic Acids?

information molecules that encode genetic info in the sequence of nucleotides

What is a Nucleoside?

a nucleotide without a phosphate