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Studied by 37 peopleNoteStudied by 22 peopleNoteStudied by 140 peopleNoteStudied by 21 peopleNoteStudied by 11 peopleNoteStudied by 25 people
Ways of the World Chapter 2
Ways of the World Chapter 2
Varieties of Civilization: 1200-1450
China and Its Neighbors
China before the Mongol Takeover
The Song Dynasty, from the year 1960 to 1279, ruled over large parts of Chinese civilization and was a golden age of arts and literature
It operated under a meticulously organized bureaucracy fueled by schools and colleges that prepared candidates for rigorous exams
Normally candidates came from privileged backgrounds but there were rare occasions where those from common backgrounds were able to pass
China experienced an economic revolution which made the Song Dynasty the most rich, skilled, and populous country on earth
The Song Dynasty capital of Hangzhou was home to more than a million people
By the 11th century industrial production was in full swing and China was producing suits of armor, arrowheads, metal for coins, tools, and construction.
China also boasted an immense network of internal waterways that stretched perhaps 30,000 miles and facilitated the chief movement of goods, allowing peasants to grow special crops for sale while they purchased rice or other staples on the market.
Foot binding was the practice of tightly wrapping young girls feet which would usually cause breaking of bones and intense pain
The view of the Song Dynasty was that women had to be docile and men resolute
Among the elites, masculinity in men was defined less than athleticism and more in refined pursuits of calligraphy, scholarship, painting, and poetry
Female qualities emphasized women’s weakness, delicacy, and fragility
It became widespread in Chinese society and was associated with images of female beauty that involved small size and frailty
Interacting with China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Korea and Vietnam took shape underneath the influence of China but retained their distinctive identities
Korea adopted Chinese models of family life and female behavior based on Confucian concepts
While originally Korean women enjoyed more flexibility and freedom than their Chinese counterparts, Chinese pressure lead to complete Confucian adherence to gender roles in Korea
Despite Chinese influence Korea was able to remain Korean, and Chinese cultural pressure, except for Buddhism, had a little impact beyond the aristocracy and did not penetrate the lives of Korean peasants or the lives Korea’s slaves
In the mid 1400s hangul was developed and is a phonetic alphabet for writing the Korean language
Vietnam incorporated the Chinese style of government making use of Chinese court rituals more so than Korea
Vietnam retained a greater role for women in social economic life despite heavy Chinese influence
In fact Vietmenese women saw Confucian-based ideas as the enemy to the pre-existing gender roles in Vietnam
Vietnam developed a style of writing chu nom
Japan was located farther away from China with 100 miles of ocean separating them.
Because of this Japan only borrowed from Chinese civilization voluntarily, never by force or because of proximity
Between the seventh and ninth centuries Japan sought to transform themselves into a centralized bureaucratic state based on the Chinese model
In addition to this Chinese Buddhism was also implemented in Japan education
However Japan remained very independent from Chinese culture and retained a distinctive Japanese civilization
The samurai had a central role both politically and socially.
Bushido - the way of the samurai, a distinctive set of values such as bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, great skill in martial arts, and most importantly a preference for death over surrender
Japanese literacy evolved in distinctive ways and a unique writing system that combine Chinese characters with a series of phonetic symbols became the basis for the Japanese writing system
Japanese women escaped the more oppressive features of Chinese Confucian culture
The Worlds of Islam: Fragmented and Expanding
This Islamic Heartland
The Abbasid caliphate had ruled the Islamic world since 750 but was a shadow of its former self as it faced challengers from other Islamic tribes
The Seljuk Turkic Empire of the 11th and 12th centuries began to claim the Muslim title of Sultan as they became major players in the Islamic Middle East
The Ottoman Empire was the creation of one of the many Turkic warrior groups that had migrated into Anatolia that brought greater long-term political unity to the Islamic Middle East and North Africa
The Ottoman Empire became the incorporation of many diverse peoples and a landmark of economic and cultural sophistication
By the 16th century the Ottomans brought to the Islamic Middle East a greater measure of political coherence, military power, economic prosperity, and cultural brilliance than it had known since the early centuries of Islam
Cultural Encounters in India and Spain
By 1200 and the centuries that followed substantial Muslim communities begin to emerge in northern India
Islam was only able to take up 20 to 25% of the total population in India as it was not able to challenge the lasting impact Hindu culture had
Spain was referred to as al-Andalus by Muslims and was the sight of a sustained cross cultural encounter with Muslims, Christians, and Jews.
Astronomy, medicine, the arts, architecture, and literature flourished as all religions contributed to a brilliant high culture
By 1000, 75% of the population has converted to Islam.
By 1000 the period of tolerance in Spain ended as persecution against Christians begin to rise
The intolerance intensified as the Christian conquest of Spain gained ground after 1200
The end came in 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella took Grenada which was the last Muslim stronghold.
Many of the remaining Muslims had to either convert or be exiled alongside 200,000 Jews
The Worlds of Christendom
The Byzantine Empire had been a sophisticated and powerful Christian empire but had entered a steady state of decline by 1200
The Eastern Orthodox World
Constantinople was the capital of Byzantine and was also referred to as New Rome and their people as Romans
Eastern Orthodox Christianity defined the authority of the emperor as supreme and absolute because was anointed by God
The Crusades were launched in 1095 by the Catholic pope against the forces of Islam
Kievan Rus emerged in a region near where Ukraine is now and was a significant region of expansion for orthodox Christianity
A Fragmented Political Landscape in Western Europe
Western Christendom began to gain ground around 1000 CE
Feudalism emerged during the ninth and 10th centuries in Western Europe and persisted in some regions into the 15th century
After 1000 European political life began to take shape as outlines of French, English, Spanish, Scandinavian, and other states begin to appear
By 1450 Europeans had made great strides towards catching up with their morgue Vance to Asian counterparts and by 1500 they had the most advanced arsenals in the world
advances in shipbuilding and navigational techniques were also made
Roman Catholic Church influence spread across the entire western European region
An Evolving European Society and Economy
The high middle ages was a. That took place from 1000 to 1300 and was home to an accelerating tempo of economic and social change
This included a boom in population size
Technological breakthroughs in agriculture such as the heavy wheeled plow, an increasing reliance on horses rather than oxen, as well as a three-field system of crop rotation allowed for a more productive agriculture that could support the growing population of European civilization, especially in its urban centers
After 1000 Europeans begin to use mechanical sources of energy with devices such as cranks, flywheels, camshaft, and complex gearing mechanisms
Increase in populations in towns gave rise to new groups of people, particularly merchants, bankers, artisans, and university trained professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and scholars
These changes had implications for many lives and created many opportunities
Women were able to be active in a number of urban professions
The church also offered women an alternative to home, marriage, family, and rural life
Western Europe Outward Bound
By the 13th and 14th century Europe begin to expand outwards
An example is the crusades that began in 1095 and stretched into the 13th century
The crusades were viewed as wars that had to be fought under God‘s command
As a result an amazing amount of support was maintained for the crusades in Europe
They demonstrated a growing European capacity for organization, finance, transportation, and recruitment
The crusades had a small impact both politically and religiously in the Middle East as European power was not strong or long lasting to induce conversion
Europeans were able to come to contact with Asian luxury goods while in the Islamic world which stimulated a demand back in Europe
As a result channels of trade, technology transfer, and intellectual exchange were opened
Reason and Renaissance in the West
While in the setting of schools and European universities Europeans began to explore the ability of human reason which led to a new interest in rational thought
This logic, philosophy, and rationality was applied to law, medicine, and the world of nature, exploring astronomy and alchemy
This scientific study of nature, known as natural philosophy, began to separate itself from theology
Europeans began to seek out original Greek texts, particularly those of Aristotle
His writings became the basis for university education and largely dominated the thought of Western Europe
European Renaissance begin in the vibrant cities of Italy between 1350 and 1500
The educated citizens of cities that were experiencing the renaissance sought inspiration in art and literature of Ancient Greece and Rome
The elite patronized great Renaissance artist such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Rafael, whose paintings and sculptures were far more naturalistic in portraying the human body
Civilizations of the Americas
Emergence of the Aztecs in MesoAmerica
Mesoamerica was a distinct region bound by a common culture that included an intensive agricultural technology devoted to raising maze, beans, chili peppers, and squash and included in economy based on market exchange
Maya civilization dominated a region centered on modern day Guatemala between 250 and 900 CE
Mayan builders and artists were able to create urban centers with temples, pyramids, palaces, and public plazas
Intellectuals developed the most elaborate writing system in the Americas
The Aztec Empire prospered from 1345 to 1528 and was the last and largest of the Mesoamerican states to emerge before the Spanish conquered the region in the early 16th century
The Aztec empire had a core population estimated at 5 to 6 million people and was a loosely structured and unstable state that witnessed frequent rebellions by its subject peoples
Slaves played a prominent role in Aztec society for they were often destined for sacrifice in the bloody rituals that were essential to Aztec religious life
The Aztecs believed that the sun was central to all life and was constantly hovered in battle against encroaching darkness
Thus the Aztecs believe they were always on the edge of catastrophe and that a solution to this problem was endless sacrifice
Therefore enslaved prisoners of war became those who would have to die for God
This lead to Aztec rulers often holding massive sacrificial rituals that would often be coupled with a display of great wealth
Emergence of the Incas in the Andes
Andean societies had an endless supply of sea birds and fish from the Pacific ocean as well as dozens of rivers which allowed the possibility of irrigation and cultivation
The Inca Empire stretched 2500 miles along the Andes and contained an estimation of 10 million subjects during short life in the 15th and early 16th centuries
The Incans were ruled by an emperor, who was viewed as an absolute ruler
Each of the eight provinces in the empire had an Incan governor
Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data was carefully recorded on quipus.
Incans were required to acknowledge major Incan deities but were also allowed to practice their own religions which lead to a very fluid state.
The people had to work for the state on large state farms or in other military construction projects
Young girls would be removed from their home, trained in Incan ideology, and set to producing corn beer and cloth at state centers
Both the Incans and the Aztecs practiced gender parallelism in which women and men operated in two separate but equivalent spheres
Ways of the World Chapter 2
Ways of the World Chapter 2
Varieties of Civilization: 1200-1450
China and Its Neighbors
China before the Mongol Takeover
The Song Dynasty, from the year 1960 to 1279, ruled over large parts of Chinese civilization and was a golden age of arts and literature
It operated under a meticulously organized bureaucracy fueled by schools and colleges that prepared candidates for rigorous exams
Normally candidates came from privileged backgrounds but there were rare occasions where those from common backgrounds were able to pass
China experienced an economic revolution which made the Song Dynasty the most rich, skilled, and populous country on earth
The Song Dynasty capital of Hangzhou was home to more than a million people
By the 11th century industrial production was in full swing and China was producing suits of armor, arrowheads, metal for coins, tools, and construction.
China also boasted an immense network of internal waterways that stretched perhaps 30,000 miles and facilitated the chief movement of goods, allowing peasants to grow special crops for sale while they purchased rice or other staples on the market.
Foot binding was the practice of tightly wrapping young girls feet which would usually cause breaking of bones and intense pain
The view of the Song Dynasty was that women had to be docile and men resolute
Among the elites, masculinity in men was defined less than athleticism and more in refined pursuits of calligraphy, scholarship, painting, and poetry
Female qualities emphasized women’s weakness, delicacy, and fragility
It became widespread in Chinese society and was associated with images of female beauty that involved small size and frailty
Interacting with China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Korea and Vietnam took shape underneath the influence of China but retained their distinctive identities
Korea adopted Chinese models of family life and female behavior based on Confucian concepts
While originally Korean women enjoyed more flexibility and freedom than their Chinese counterparts, Chinese pressure lead to complete Confucian adherence to gender roles in Korea
Despite Chinese influence Korea was able to remain Korean, and Chinese cultural pressure, except for Buddhism, had a little impact beyond the aristocracy and did not penetrate the lives of Korean peasants or the lives Korea’s slaves
In the mid 1400s hangul was developed and is a phonetic alphabet for writing the Korean language
Vietnam incorporated the Chinese style of government making use of Chinese court rituals more so than Korea
Vietnam retained a greater role for women in social economic life despite heavy Chinese influence
In fact Vietmenese women saw Confucian-based ideas as the enemy to the pre-existing gender roles in Vietnam
Vietnam developed a style of writing chu nom
Japan was located farther away from China with 100 miles of ocean separating them.
Because of this Japan only borrowed from Chinese civilization voluntarily, never by force or because of proximity
Between the seventh and ninth centuries Japan sought to transform themselves into a centralized bureaucratic state based on the Chinese model
In addition to this Chinese Buddhism was also implemented in Japan education
However Japan remained very independent from Chinese culture and retained a distinctive Japanese civilization
The samurai had a central role both politically and socially.
Bushido - the way of the samurai, a distinctive set of values such as bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, great skill in martial arts, and most importantly a preference for death over surrender
Japanese literacy evolved in distinctive ways and a unique writing system that combine Chinese characters with a series of phonetic symbols became the basis for the Japanese writing system
Japanese women escaped the more oppressive features of Chinese Confucian culture
The Worlds of Islam: Fragmented and Expanding
This Islamic Heartland
The Abbasid caliphate had ruled the Islamic world since 750 but was a shadow of its former self as it faced challengers from other Islamic tribes
The Seljuk Turkic Empire of the 11th and 12th centuries began to claim the Muslim title of Sultan as they became major players in the Islamic Middle East
The Ottoman Empire was the creation of one of the many Turkic warrior groups that had migrated into Anatolia that brought greater long-term political unity to the Islamic Middle East and North Africa
The Ottoman Empire became the incorporation of many diverse peoples and a landmark of economic and cultural sophistication
By the 16th century the Ottomans brought to the Islamic Middle East a greater measure of political coherence, military power, economic prosperity, and cultural brilliance than it had known since the early centuries of Islam
Cultural Encounters in India and Spain
By 1200 and the centuries that followed substantial Muslim communities begin to emerge in northern India
Islam was only able to take up 20 to 25% of the total population in India as it was not able to challenge the lasting impact Hindu culture had
Spain was referred to as al-Andalus by Muslims and was the sight of a sustained cross cultural encounter with Muslims, Christians, and Jews.
Astronomy, medicine, the arts, architecture, and literature flourished as all religions contributed to a brilliant high culture
By 1000, 75% of the population has converted to Islam.
By 1000 the period of tolerance in Spain ended as persecution against Christians begin to rise
The intolerance intensified as the Christian conquest of Spain gained ground after 1200
The end came in 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella took Grenada which was the last Muslim stronghold.
Many of the remaining Muslims had to either convert or be exiled alongside 200,000 Jews
The Worlds of Christendom
The Byzantine Empire had been a sophisticated and powerful Christian empire but had entered a steady state of decline by 1200
The Eastern Orthodox World
Constantinople was the capital of Byzantine and was also referred to as New Rome and their people as Romans
Eastern Orthodox Christianity defined the authority of the emperor as supreme and absolute because was anointed by God
The Crusades were launched in 1095 by the Catholic pope against the forces of Islam
Kievan Rus emerged in a region near where Ukraine is now and was a significant region of expansion for orthodox Christianity
A Fragmented Political Landscape in Western Europe
Western Christendom began to gain ground around 1000 CE
Feudalism emerged during the ninth and 10th centuries in Western Europe and persisted in some regions into the 15th century
After 1000 European political life began to take shape as outlines of French, English, Spanish, Scandinavian, and other states begin to appear
By 1450 Europeans had made great strides towards catching up with their morgue Vance to Asian counterparts and by 1500 they had the most advanced arsenals in the world
advances in shipbuilding and navigational techniques were also made
Roman Catholic Church influence spread across the entire western European region
An Evolving European Society and Economy
The high middle ages was a. That took place from 1000 to 1300 and was home to an accelerating tempo of economic and social change
This included a boom in population size
Technological breakthroughs in agriculture such as the heavy wheeled plow, an increasing reliance on horses rather than oxen, as well as a three-field system of crop rotation allowed for a more productive agriculture that could support the growing population of European civilization, especially in its urban centers
After 1000 Europeans begin to use mechanical sources of energy with devices such as cranks, flywheels, camshaft, and complex gearing mechanisms
Increase in populations in towns gave rise to new groups of people, particularly merchants, bankers, artisans, and university trained professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and scholars
These changes had implications for many lives and created many opportunities
Women were able to be active in a number of urban professions
The church also offered women an alternative to home, marriage, family, and rural life
Western Europe Outward Bound
By the 13th and 14th century Europe begin to expand outwards
An example is the crusades that began in 1095 and stretched into the 13th century
The crusades were viewed as wars that had to be fought under God‘s command
As a result an amazing amount of support was maintained for the crusades in Europe
They demonstrated a growing European capacity for organization, finance, transportation, and recruitment
The crusades had a small impact both politically and religiously in the Middle East as European power was not strong or long lasting to induce conversion
Europeans were able to come to contact with Asian luxury goods while in the Islamic world which stimulated a demand back in Europe
As a result channels of trade, technology transfer, and intellectual exchange were opened
Reason and Renaissance in the West
While in the setting of schools and European universities Europeans began to explore the ability of human reason which led to a new interest in rational thought
This logic, philosophy, and rationality was applied to law, medicine, and the world of nature, exploring astronomy and alchemy
This scientific study of nature, known as natural philosophy, began to separate itself from theology
Europeans began to seek out original Greek texts, particularly those of Aristotle
His writings became the basis for university education and largely dominated the thought of Western Europe
European Renaissance begin in the vibrant cities of Italy between 1350 and 1500
The educated citizens of cities that were experiencing the renaissance sought inspiration in art and literature of Ancient Greece and Rome
The elite patronized great Renaissance artist such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Rafael, whose paintings and sculptures were far more naturalistic in portraying the human body
Civilizations of the Americas
Emergence of the Aztecs in MesoAmerica
Mesoamerica was a distinct region bound by a common culture that included an intensive agricultural technology devoted to raising maze, beans, chili peppers, and squash and included in economy based on market exchange
Maya civilization dominated a region centered on modern day Guatemala between 250 and 900 CE
Mayan builders and artists were able to create urban centers with temples, pyramids, palaces, and public plazas
Intellectuals developed the most elaborate writing system in the Americas
The Aztec Empire prospered from 1345 to 1528 and was the last and largest of the Mesoamerican states to emerge before the Spanish conquered the region in the early 16th century
The Aztec empire had a core population estimated at 5 to 6 million people and was a loosely structured and unstable state that witnessed frequent rebellions by its subject peoples
Slaves played a prominent role in Aztec society for they were often destined for sacrifice in the bloody rituals that were essential to Aztec religious life
The Aztecs believed that the sun was central to all life and was constantly hovered in battle against encroaching darkness
Thus the Aztecs believe they were always on the edge of catastrophe and that a solution to this problem was endless sacrifice
Therefore enslaved prisoners of war became those who would have to die for God
This lead to Aztec rulers often holding massive sacrificial rituals that would often be coupled with a display of great wealth
Emergence of the Incas in the Andes
Andean societies had an endless supply of sea birds and fish from the Pacific ocean as well as dozens of rivers which allowed the possibility of irrigation and cultivation
The Inca Empire stretched 2500 miles along the Andes and contained an estimation of 10 million subjects during short life in the 15th and early 16th centuries
The Incans were ruled by an emperor, who was viewed as an absolute ruler
Each of the eight provinces in the empire had an Incan governor
Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data was carefully recorded on quipus.
Incans were required to acknowledge major Incan deities but were also allowed to practice their own religions which lead to a very fluid state.
The people had to work for the state on large state farms or in other military construction projects
Young girls would be removed from their home, trained in Incan ideology, and set to producing corn beer and cloth at state centers
Both the Incans and the Aztecs practiced gender parallelism in which women and men operated in two separate but equivalent spheres
NoteStudied by 37 peopleNoteStudied by 22 peopleNoteStudied by 140 peopleNoteStudied by 21 peopleNoteStudied by 11 peopleNoteStudied by 25 people