Honors Biology Creech Unit 3 Biomolecules

Isomer

Same formula with different structures

Dehydration Synthesis

Linking monomers in a chain with covalent bonds by taking out water

Hydrolysis

Breaking a molecule apart by putting in water

Hydroxyl (Structure)

-OH

Carbonyl (Structure)

C=O

Amino (Structure)

-NH2

Carboxyl (Structure)

-COOH

Methyl (Structure)

-CH3

Phosphate (Structure)

P

Hydroxyl (Properties)

Polar, Hydrophilic, Alcohols

Carbonyl (Properties)

Polar, Hydrophilic, Aldehydes

Carboxyl (Properties)

Polar, Hydrophilic, Acids

Amino (Properties)

Polar, Hydrophilic, Organic Bases, Make Proteins

Methyl (Properties)

Nonpolar, Hydrophobic

Phosphate (Properties)

Negative Charge, Hydrophilic

Carbohydrate (Elements)

CHO

Lipid (Elements)

CH>O

Protein (Elements)

CHON

Nucleic Acid (Elements)

CHONP

Carbohydrate (Monomers and Polymers)

M: Monosaccharides, hexagon with oxygen; P: Polysaccharides, hexagonal monosaccharides “holding hands” using oxygen

Lipid (Monomers and Polymers)

No Monomer, Shaped either Straight or Bent

Protein (Monomers and Polymers)

M: Amino Acid, has carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group; P: polypeptides, peptide bonds

Protein Primary Level

Polypeptides

Protein Secondary Level

Helix or Sheet of Polypeptides

Protein Tertiary Level

R group Clusters

Protein Quaternary Level

Protein “Blobs” Interact

Nucleic Acid (Monomers and Polymers)

M: Nucleotides, shaped as a house; P: polynucleotide

Carbohydrates (Function)

Structure, Storage, Energy

Lipids (Function)

Hydrophobic, Energy Storage, 2x more energy than Carbs, build tissue, insulation, protection, cell membrane

Protein (Function)

the Doers, enzymes, structure, send and receive signals, defense, movement, storage

Nucleic Acid (Function)

Genetic Material and Instructions

Linear Polysaccharide

Slow release of energy, used in plants

Branched Polysaccharide

Fast release of energy, used in animals

Starch

Easy to digest, flat molecule

Cellulose

Hard to digest, rigid molecule, cross-links

Saturated Fat

Straight Chain (C-C), solid

Unsaturated Fat

Bent Chain (C=C), liquid

Phospholipid

Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate (PO4), Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Iodine

Reagent for Carbohydrate Starches, turns black/brown

Biuret

Reagent for Proteins, turns purple

Benedict’s

Reagent for Carbohydrate Simple Sugars/Monosaccharides, turns orange

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells; catalyst

Substrate

The substance an enzyme acts on

Active Site

The location of interaction on an enzymeC

Competitive Inhibitor

A substance that binds in the active site and prohibits normal substrate interaction

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A substance that binds to a part of the enzyme that is not the active site, but that changes the shape of the enzyme such that the active site is nonfunctional

Collision Theory

1. Molecules must collide

2. Collisions must be in the correct orientation

3. Must have enough energy