Isomer
Same formula with different structures
Dehydration Synthesis
Linking monomers in a chain with covalent bonds by taking out water
Hydrolysis
Breaking a molecule apart by putting in water
Hydroxyl (Structure)
-OH
Carbonyl (Structure)
C=O
Amino (Structure)
-NH2
Carboxyl (Structure)
-COOH
Methyl (Structure)
-CH3
Phosphate (Structure)
P
Hydroxyl (Properties)
Polar, Hydrophilic, Alcohols
Carbonyl (Properties)
Polar, Hydrophilic, Aldehydes
Carboxyl (Properties)
Polar, Hydrophilic, Acids
Amino (Properties)
Polar, Hydrophilic, Organic Bases, Make Proteins
Methyl (Properties)
Nonpolar, Hydrophobic
Phosphate (Properties)
Negative Charge, Hydrophilic
Carbohydrate (Elements)
CHO
Lipid (Elements)
CH>O
Protein (Elements)
CHON
Nucleic Acid (Elements)
CHONP
Carbohydrate (Monomers and Polymers)
M: Monosaccharides, hexagon with oxygen; P: Polysaccharides, hexagonal monosaccharides “holding hands” using oxygen
Lipid (Monomers and Polymers)
No Monomer, Shaped either Straight or Bent
Protein (Monomers and Polymers)
M: Amino Acid, has carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group; P: polypeptides, peptide bonds
Protein Primary Level
Polypeptides
Protein Secondary Level
Helix or Sheet of Polypeptides
Protein Tertiary Level
R group Clusters
Protein Quaternary Level
Protein “Blobs” Interact
Nucleic Acid (Monomers and Polymers)
M: Nucleotides, shaped as a house; P: polynucleotide
Carbohydrates (Function)
Structure, Storage, Energy
Lipids (Function)
Hydrophobic, Energy Storage, 2x more energy than Carbs, build tissue, insulation, protection, cell membrane
Protein (Function)
the Doers, enzymes, structure, send and receive signals, defense, movement, storage
Nucleic Acid (Function)
Genetic Material and Instructions
Linear Polysaccharide
Slow release of energy, used in plants
Branched Polysaccharide
Fast release of energy, used in animals
Starch
Easy to digest, flat molecule
Cellulose
Hard to digest, rigid molecule, cross-links
Saturated Fat
Straight Chain (C-C), solid
Unsaturated Fat
Bent Chain (C=C), liquid
Phospholipid
Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate (PO4), Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Iodine
Reagent for Carbohydrate Starches, turns black/brown
Biuret
Reagent for Proteins, turns purple
Benedict’s
Reagent for Carbohydrate Simple Sugars/Monosaccharides, turns orange
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells; catalyst
Substrate
The substance an enzyme acts on
Active Site
The location of interaction on an enzymeC
Competitive Inhibitor
A substance that binds in the active site and prohibits normal substrate interaction
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
A substance that binds to a part of the enzyme that is not the active site, but that changes the shape of the enzyme such that the active site is nonfunctional
Collision Theory
Molecules must collide
Collisions must be in the correct orientation
Must have enough energy