Studied by 2 people
distress
Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormlity apply to Miguel’s situation?
impairment in functioning and dysfunction
Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seem to describe Jane’s behavior?
prognosis
Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly
incidence
Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county
presenting problem
Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety
etiology
Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders
course
the pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time-limited, or episodic
prevalence
how many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder?
exorcism; burning at the stake
supernatural causes; evil demons took over the victims’ bodies and controlled their behaviors
bloodletting; induced vomiting
the humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids or humors
patient placed in socially facilitative environments
maladaptive behavior was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment
moral therapy
treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development
psychoanalytic theory
hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of id, ego, and superego
humanistic theory
person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard
behavioral model
classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning
biological
the fact that some phobias are more common than others (such as fear of heights and snakes) and may have contributed to the survival of the species in the past suggests that phobias may be genetically prewired. This is evidence for which influence?
behavioral (or emotional)
Jan’s husband, Jinx, was an unemployed jerk who spent his life chasing women other than his wife. Jan, happily divorced for years, cannot understand why the smell of Jinx’s brand of aftershave causes her to become nauseated. Which influence best explains her response?
developmental
Nathan, age 16, finds it more difficult than his 7-year-old sister to adjust to his parents’ recent separation. This may be explained by what influences?
behavioral, emotional
A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita’s fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of __ __i__nfluences; however, ____ influences are likely perpetuating the phobia
false
the first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain
true
no individual genes have been identified that cause any major psychological disorders
true
according to the diathesis-stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits of behaviors that may be activated under certain stress conditions
false
the idea that individuals may have a genetic endowment to increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is in accordance with the diathesis-stress model
false
environmental events alone influence the development of our behavior and personalities
brain stem
movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals
GABA
which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal?
dopamine
which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits?
norepinephrine
which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in our emergency reactions or alarm responses?
midbrain
this area contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output
serotonin
which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information, as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior?
cerebral cortex
more than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous system are contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities
frontal lobe
this area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals
modeling
karen noticed that every time Tyrone behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself
learned helplessness
josh stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged
implicit memory
Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Even though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water
prepared learning
Juanita was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn’t likely to hurt her
fear
what we ____ is strongly influenced by our social environments
gender
the likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your _____
social, contacts
a large number of studies have demonstrated that the greater the number and frequency of ___ relationships and ___, the longer you are likely to live
age
the effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with _____
equifinality
the principle of _____ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome
thought processes
Dr. Swan listened carefully to Joyce’s speech pattern, noting its speed, content, and continuity. He noticed no loose association but did hear indications of delusional thoughts and visual hallucinations
appearance and behavior
Andrew arrived at the clinic accompanied by police, who found him dressed only in shorts although the temperature was 23 degrees. He was reported to the police by someone who saw him walking slowly down the street, making strange faces, and talking to himself
sensorium
when lisa was brought to Dr. Miller’s office, he asked if she knew the date and time, her identity, and where she was
mood and affect
Dr. Jones viewed as inappropriate Tim’s laughter after discussing his near-fatal incident and noted that Tim appeared to be elated
intellectual functioning
Holly’s vocabulary and memory seemed adequate, leading Dr. Adams to estimate that she was of average intelligence
reliable, valid
EEG to show electrical activity in the brain of someone who has seizures
not reliable, not valid
rorschach inkblots
reliable, valid
structured interviews with definite answers
not reliable, not valid
sentence completion
true
the classical categorical approach to classification assumes there is only one set of causative factors per disorder with no overlap between disorders, and the prototypical approach uses essential, defining features, as well as a range of other characteristics
false
as in earlier versions, DSM-5 retains a distinction between organically and psychologically based disorders
false
the DSM-5 eradicated the problem of comorbidity, the identification of two or more disorders in an individual at one time, which was previously caused by imprecise categories
false
if two or more clinicians agree on a patient’s classification, the assessments are said to be valid
true
a danger in psychological classification is that a diagnostic label might be used to characterize personally the total individual
Note
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