macroevolution - large-scale evolutionary changes above the species level requiring long periods of time

background extinction - random as environment changes and impact few species in a small area

mass extinction - more intense and rare due to catastrophic event, opens opportunities for other organisms to evolve

adaptive radiation - one species gives rise to many that have adapted to their specific niches

convergent evolution - unrelated organisms living in similar environments evolve similarly functioning traits but do not have a common evolutionary history, structures are called analogous structures

divergent evolution - closely related species evolve in different directions as they adapt to different environments

coevolution - closely connected organisms that interact evolve together. as one organisms population changes, the other responds

gradualism - slow change over time

punctuated equilibrium - rapid bursts of change with long periods of little or no change

hox genes - control timing of embryo development are similar among organisms, mutations can cause large scale changes