General Psychology PSY chapter 13 - 15 review questions
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8. Which of the following statements is true?
a.
Self-esteem depends on the situation in which a person finds himself or herself.
b.
Self-esteem is very stable over one's lifetime.
c.
Self-esteem strongly predicts lifetime success.
d.
Self-esteem is related to how others perceive a person.
d.
Self-esteem is related to how others perceive a person.
11 Dhara was in a car accident. Her doctor told her that she has frontal lobe damage. How will this damage affect Dhara?
a.
She will not experience fear.
c.
She will have memory loss.
b.
She will be less self-aware.
d.
She will not recognize others.
b.
She will be less self-aware.
12. If the planet was attacked by a disease that caused people to lose the use of their frontal lobes, people would
a.
lose their self-awareness.
c.
experience memory loss.
b.
become narcissistic.
d.
lose their sense of fear.
a.
lose their self-awareness.
13. Frank believes that he is more valuable and special than anyone else. As a result, he feels he is entitled to special treatment, focuses mainly on his own needs, and gets angry when anyone challenges him. Frank most likely.
a.
has low self-esteem.
c.
is narcissistic.
b.
is using his sociometer.
d.
is experiencing reflected appraisal.
c.
is narcissistic.
16. Which of the following is NOT a finding from research on the better-than-average effect?
a.
People are unrealistically optimistic about their futures.
b.
People overestimate their control over events.
c.
People overestimate other people's abilities.
d.
People are unrealistically optimistic about their abilities.
c.
People overestimate other people's abilities.
19. When Joe did really well on his first sales presentation, he said it was because he worked hard on it. When he did poorly on his second sales presentation, he said it was because the computer and projector were not working properly. Joe's explanations about his two sales presentations reveal a
a.
reflected appraisal.
c.
self-serving bias.
b.
temporal comparison.
d.
downward comparison.
c.
self-serving bias.
21. After performing poorly at the track meet, Troy said that he just does not have as much natural athletic ability as the other runner. Troy explains his performances at the track meet based on a
a.
self-serving bias.
c.
temporal comparison.
b.
downward comparison.
d.
upward comparison.
d.
upward comparison.
24. Which person is most likely to have a sense of self that is based on his feeling of being unique from others?
a.
Miko, who was raised in Japan
c.
Chien, who grew up in China
b.
Jack, who was raised in Australia
d.
Ibrahim, who grew up in Pakistan
b.
Jack, who was raised in Australia
30. When Bart turns four, he begins to find his mother sexually attractive. He wants to kill his father, Homer, so that he does not have to share his mother. According to Freud, Bart is experiencing the ________ complex.
a.
ego
c.
phallic
b.
latency
d.
Oedipus
d.
Oedipus
33. Trait theories of personality differ from psychodynamic and humanistic approaches because they
a.
describe behavioral tendencies that are consistent over time.
b.
have a generally more positive view of human nature.
c.
are less able to be tested scientifically.
d.
are based on people's unconscious conflicts.
a.
describe behavioral tendencies that are consistent over time.
39. Anita takes a personality test online. The results say she is high on the extraversion dimension of personality and she is likely to be assertive and energetic. The online personality test most likely used the ________ approach to personality.
a.
social cognitive
c.
humanistic
b.
psychodynamic
d.
trait
d.
trait
40. Katie is very particular. She likes her apartment to be organized and things have to be done correctly or she gets upset. According to psychodynamic theory, Katie is most likely fixated at the ________ phase of psychosexual development.
a.
oral
c.
phallic
b.
anal
d.
Genital
b.
anal
48. Betty is making a mud pie out of dirt she brought in from the backyard. When her mother sees it, she yells, "Stop it. Good girls do not play with dirt and mud." According to humanistic approaches to personality, Betty's mom is creating ________ for her daughter.
a.
unconditional positive regard
c.
unconscious conflicts
b.
self-actualization
d.
conditions of worth
d.
conditions of worth
51. Marta's parents want her to become a doctor, but she would like to be an artist. Which approach to personality would suggest that Marta's personal growth is associated with following her dream of becoming an artist?
a.
social cognitive
c.
psychodynamic
b.
trait
d.
humanistic
d.
humanistic
58. Silas thinks that a personality is made up of characteristics that can be described on a dimension from low to high. Silas most likely agrees with the ________ approach to personality.
a.
psychodynamic
c.
humanistic
b.
social cognitive
d.
trait
d.
trait
64. You have an internal locus of control. When you perform poorly in volleyball and your team loses the game, which of the following statements are you most likely to say?
a.
"The other team was too good."
b.
"Luck was not on my side today."
c.
"I did not practice enough last week."
d.
"My teammates need to play harder."
c.
"I did not practice enough last week."
71. Jared is an identical twin adopted into a new family. When he is an adult, his personality should most resemble his
a.
adopted siblings.
c.
biological parents.
b.
adopted parents.
d.
identical twin.
d.
identical twin.
83. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the finding that age-related changes in personality are similar across cultures?
a.
These changes are not entirely a function of the environment.
b.
All cultures have similar stereotyping related to aging.
c.
These changes are mainly due to differences in environment.
d.
Every culture has a different stereotyping related to aging.
a.
These changes are not entirely a function of the environment.
91. Isabelle always believed she was a pretty calm person. Other people, however, think of her as somewhat neurotic. According to research, who would give the most accurate description of Isabelle's personality?
a.
Isabelle
b.
a close friend, who she sees daily
c.
an acquaintance, who she sees occasionally
d.
her doctor, who knows her medical history
b.
a close friend, who she sees daily
93. You just got a roommate. If you want to get the most accurate judgment of your roommate's personality, who should you ask?
a.
the roommate
b.
the roommate's best friend
c.
the roommate's classmate from last year
d.
the roommate's acquaintance from high school
b.
the roommate's best friend
4. Zarina is talking to spirits that no one else can see. She sometimes "channels" the spirits so they can talk with living people. Based on this information, Zarina
a.
should be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
b.
definitely has a mental health disorder.
c.
may be acting normally, depending on her cultural background and beliefs.
d.
is showing behavior that is personally distressing and maladaptive.
c.
may be acting normally, depending on her cultural background and beliefs.
8. Willie is on the bus with his classmates. Who is most likely to be diagnosed with psychopathology based on the criteria that his or her behavior impairs good daily functioning?
a.
Jemima, who carves swear words into the seat with her pocket knife
b.
Marvin, who gets sad if he cannot sit behind the bus driver
c.
Elizabeth, who must walk up and down the bus steps 10 times before getting on
d.
Bruce, who prefers to look out the window instead of talking to his seatmate
c.
Elizabeth, who must walk up and down the bus steps 10 times before getting on
14. When studying psychological disorders, Ernesto learns that the diathesis-stress model suggests that
a.
certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness, but do not directly cause it.
b.
when stress is sufficiently intense, anyone can develop a mental disorder.
c.
mental disorders are common in families experiencing a high level of stress.
d.
an individual's ability to cope with stress is the best predictor of mental disorders.
a.
certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness, but do not directly cause it.
17. Dr. Janus is seeing a client diagnosed with depression who experienced abuse as a child. Dr. Janus believes this abuse predisposed the client to overreact to life's difficult circumstances. As a result, her recent breakup resulted in a depressed state. Dr. Janus's perspective on his client's problems seems to be most consistent with the
a.
biopsychosocial approach.
c.
diathesis-stress model.
b.
criteria in DSM-5.
d.
dimensional approach.
c.
diathesis-stress model.
27. Jonah and Elias are participants in a research study. One task involves reading an ambiguous story, which participants can interpret in different ways. Jonah interprets the story as threatening. Elias, however, interprets the story as comical. What conclusions can you draw about Jonah and Elias?
a.
Jonah is more likely than Elias to experience excessive anxiety.
b.
Elias tends to disregard others' feelings, whereas Jonah is highly sensitive to others' feelings.
c.
Jonah and Elias are likely to have different disorders of emotion.
d.
Elias probably experiences mood dysfunction, but Jonah does not.
a.
Jonah is more likely than Elias to experience excessive anxiety.
30. Nicole frequently has panic attacks. She knows that she is having an attack when she experiences all of the following EXCEPT
a.
sweating.
c.
a fast heart rate.
b.
feelings of going crazy or dying.
d.
chest pain lasting for hours.
d.
chest pain lasting for hours.
32. Dr. Vissage describes the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia in which of the following statements?
a.
Having panic attacks has little to do with the development of agoraphobia.
b.
Agoraphobia rarely occurs without panic attacks.
c.
Panic attacks and agoraphobia have different biological causes.
d.
Both panic attacks and agoraphobia result from having specific phobias in childhood.
b.
Agoraphobia rarely occurs without panic attacks.
37. The psychological disorder that is probably LEAST disruptive to daily life is ________ because ________.
a.
panic disorder; one's daily life is only minimally affected
b.
generalized anxiety disorder; the fearful feelings are usually mild and last only a short time
c.
a specific phobia; the feared object or situation can often be avoided
d.
obsessive-compulsive disorder; this disorder involves thoughts that are often easy to ignore
c.
a specific phobia; the feared object or situation can often be avoided
46. Individuals diagnosed with depression tend to attribute negative outcomes to ________ and positive outcomes to ________.
a.
others; themselves
b.
personal shortcomings; luck
c.
chance; chance
d.
errors in logic; their unconscious selves
b.
personal shortcomings; luck
50. You are worried because you have been feeling very down lately. Which of the following would most likely DECREASE your risk of developing major depressive disorder?
a.
damaging your left prefrontal cortex
b.
attributing positive events in your life to your own hard work.
c.
entering REM sleep more often and staying in REM sleep longer
d.
feeling that you are not capable of changing your life's course
b.
attributing positive events in your life to your own hard work.
53. According to Aaron Beck, a person who is experiencing depression is most likely to have which of the following thoughts after failing an exam?
a.
"I did not have enough time to study, I will do better next time."
b.
"Oh well, it was a hard test. Most of the class probably did poorly, too."
c.
"This professor is out to get me."
d.
"I am so stupid. There is no way that I can pass this course."
d.
"I am so stupid. There is no way that I can pass this course."
59. Dwight is very apathetic toward others. He does not show much outward emotion, his speech is slow, and he speaks in a monotone. If Dwight has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, then what he is displaying are ________ symptoms.
a.
positive
c.
negative
b.
disorganized
d.
delusional
c.
negative
63. Dr. Black is interviewing a client. The client shows only the following symptoms: he rarely responds to the doctor's questions, shows no emotions, and does not make eye contact. Is Dr. Black able to diagnose of schizophrenia?
a.
Yes, because he is displaying negative symptoms.
b.
No, because he is not displaying any hallucinations.
c.
Yes, because he is displaying at least two of the five major symptoms.
d.
No, because he is only displaying one of the five major symptoms.
d.
No, because he is only displaying one of the five major symptoms.
66. Carmen believes that she has the amazing power to control the thoughts of her classmates and make them do what she wants. Mandy believes that all her classmates are trying to manipulate her thoughts. Carmen is experiencing ________ delusions, while Mandy is experiencing ________ delusions.
a.
grandiose; control
c.
persecution; control
b.
control; grandiose
d.
grandiose; persecution
a.
grandiose; control
69. One of your roommates comes from a small rural town and the other is from a large city. Does this factor affect their probability of experiencing a schizophrenic episode?
a.
No, genetic factors override environmental factors in schizophrenia.
b.
Maybe, depending on how stressful each person's environment is.
c.
Yes, the person from the urban area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.
d.
Yes, the person from the rural area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.
c.
Yes, the person from the urban area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.
72. Ted was diagnosed at 18 with severe schizophrenia. His functioning is progressively worse since his diagnosis. Compared with people who have more mild cases of schizophrenia, neuroimaging of Ted's brain would reveal that he has
a.
enlarged temporal lobes.
c.
a reduced amount of brain tissue.
b.
smaller ventricles.
d.
an underactive dopamine system.
c.
a reduced amount of brain tissue.
81. Sherry is distrusting of the government and is suspicious that it has had her apartment bugged to hear what she is doing when she is at home. Sherry's odd behavior is consistent with personality disorders in the eccentric cluster, specifically ________ personality disorder.
a.
avoidant
c.
histrionic
b.
schizoid
d.
paranoid
d.
paranoid
82. Everything on Floyd's desk is kept in its exact place. He straightens his things each day and gets very upset when something is not put back in its proper place. He does not like to bring work home with him because it means the paperwork is not properly filed when he gets to work the next morning. Based on this, Floyd is likely to be diagnosed with a personality disorder in the ________ cluster.
a.
eccentric
c.
dissociative
b.
dramatic
d.
anxious
d.
anxious
86. People who lack empathy for others they hurt, who do dangerous things just for fun, and who tend to seek immediate gratification
a.
cannot be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
b.
can be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder even if they have not committed crimes.
c.
can be diagnosed with APD if their problems become so serious that they begin committing crimes.
d.
can be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder but not with antisocial personality disorder.
b.
can be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder even if they have not committed crimes.
96. Rachel has a disorder that is characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. She has trouble understanding other people's mental states and often performs strange hand movements. Rachel most likely
a.
has an autism spectrum disorder.
b.
is at risk for borderline personality disorder.
c.
will develop symptoms of depression.
d.
will get poor grades in school.
a.
has an autism spectrum disorder.
101. Leonard is a 32-year-old chemical engineer. He was diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a child. Compared with his friends who do not have ADHD, Tom is more likely to
a.
also have a personality disorder.
b.
struggle to be successful at work.
c.
resist any changes to his work environment because it upsets him.
d.
have problems with depression.
b.
struggle to be successful at work.
13. Michael has borderline personality disorder. He wants to pursue treatment using psychodynamic therapy because it
a.
works reasonably well for people with borderline personality disorder.
b.
is faster and less expensive than other effective therapies.
c.
is based on "talk therapy," which has little effect on psychological functioning.
d.
relies more on medication than on the client-therapist relationship.
a.
works reasonably well for people with borderline personality disorder.
14. Dallas believes he will never be successful or likable enough. His friends tell him that he is too hard on himself, but he persists in the belief that he will never live up to his own high standards. Because he needs to exchange his negative and unrealistic beliefs about himself for more realistic ones, Dallas would most likely benefit from treatment that includes
a.
a systems approach.
c.
psychoanalysis.
b.
cognitive restructuring.
d.
unconditional positive regard.
b.
cognitive restructuring.
20. Dr. Ellway uses therapy to explain how his client's thoughts are flawed and then demonstrates how the client could have more positive thoughts. Dr. Ellway is most likely a ________ therapist using ________.
a.
cognitive; active listening
b.
humanistic; active listening
c.
cognitive; rational-emotive therapy
d.
humanistic; rational-emotive therapy
c.
cognitive; rational-emotive therapy
21. Deepa is very shy in public and finds it almost impossible to talk to people she does not know. Others think she is standoffish, but actually, she is afraid that people will criticize her, so she avoids interacting with them. If Deepa chooses to go to psychotherapy to overcome this problem, the therapist who would seem LEAST threatening to her is most likely a
a.
client-centered therapist.
c.
psychoanalyst.
b.
rational-emotive therapist.
d.
cognitive-behavioral therapist.
a.
client-centered therapist.
22. Brendon believes he is worthless, other people do not like him, and he will never have satisfying relationships. To counteract this belief, Brendon's therapist says to him, "Brendon, I like and appreciate you. I enjoy interacting with you. What do you think of that?" Soon, Brendon starts to think differently about himself. The therapist is using
a.
behavioral modification.
c.
free association.
b.
cognitive restructuring.
d.
active listening.
b.
cognitive restructuring.
23.A cognitive-behavior therapist is LEAST likely to be successful in helping which of the following clients?
a.
Jan, who believes that she is being followed by people from another planet
b.
Jordan, who is very anxious about his family being safe in their home and repeatedly checks the locks
c.
Jouma, who is afraid that people will think badly of her and consequently avoids going to social events
d.
Jenkins, who is depressed because he believes he is worthless and who sleeps up to 15 hours every day
a.
Jan, who believes that she is being followed by people from another planet
25. Young Benny tells Lisa, "It is not that I am a bad person. It is just that I like to hit people with my toy gun." Lisa replies, "I hear you saying that you feel like your desire to use your toy gun does not make you a bad person." Lisa is using ________ with Benny.
a.
empathy
c.
active listening
b.
unconditional positive regard
d.
modeling
c.
active listening
27.Geneva has been trying to find a medication to help her with her social phobia. So far, no anti-anxiety medications have been helping with her symptoms. Because her doctor is concerned that another mental disorder is occurring in addition to Geneva's phobia, he may also try to treat her with
a.
antidepressants.
c.
stimulants.
b.
mood stabilizers.
d.
antipsychotics.
a.
antidepressants.
29. Shoshanna is hyperactive at school, often having trouble with instructions, sitting still in her seat, and focusing on her school work. Shoshanna is most likely to be treated with a ________, such as ________.
a.
stimulant; Xanax
c.
stimulant; Ritalin
b.
mood stabilizer; Prozac
d.
mood stabilizer; Adderall
c.
stimulant; Ritalin
37. Which of the following people is Roman, a paraprofessional, best able to help?
a.
Thomas, who is experiencing a schizophrenic episode with hallucinations and delusions
b.
Akash, a student who is struggling to adapt to life at college
c.
Roberto, a former drug addict who is now sober and needs help finding a job
d.
Nikesh, who is hospitalized for depression and needs to find an outpatient clinic
c.
Roberto, a former drug addict who is now sober and needs help finding a job
42. When using systematic desensitization, many practitioners now believe that the most important component of alleviating an anxious or fearful response is
a.
exposure to the feared stimulus.
c.
the client-therapist relationship.
b.
the relaxation techniques.
d.
the type of anxiety being treated.
a.
exposure to the feared stimulus.
51. Arnold is working with a client who has obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although he will be treating the client with cognitive-behavioral therapy, Arnold would also like to prescribe a psychotropic medication to help relieve some of the client's symptoms. Arnold should most likely try a(n)
a.
anti-anxiety drug.
c.
stimulant.
b.
antipsychotic.
d.
antidepressant.
d.
antidepressant.
54. Don has a cleanliness obsession that revolves around a fear of dirt and germs. His compulsion involves hand washing. In treatment for his disorder, Don is asked to touch all the dirty doorknobs in his therapist's office building and is told he cannot wash his hands. He and the therapist then sit together while Don tries to relax and overcome his feelings of extreme discomfort. This treatment
a.
is better suited for generalized anxiety disorder.
b.
has been shown to be ineffective and may even make symptoms worse.
c.
is an appropriate therapy based on extinguishing a conditioned response.
d.
is less effective than drugs in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder.
c.
is an appropriate therapy based on extinguishing a conditioned response.
60. Giving a client diagnosed with depression a placebo instead of an active drug
a.
has no impact on a client's depressive symptoms.
b.
alleviates symptoms in approximately 30 percent of clients.
c.
causes clients to say they feel better even when they do not.
d.
alleviates some depressive symptoms by affecting brain functioning.
b.
alleviates symptoms in approximately 30 percent of clients.
63. LaToya, who has severe depression, was recruited for a research study in which she will get either an antidepressant or an active placebo. LaToya receives the active placebo. Compared with people receiving the active drug, LaToya will
a.
be equally likely to experience symptom relief.
b.
tend to expect symptom relief and therefore will experience it.
c.
be more likely to experience worse symptoms, including extreme mania.
d.
experience less symptom relief.
d.
experience less symptom relief.
68. On which of the following clients would lithium alone have the most clear and beneficial effect?
a.
Larry, who has extreme periods of mania and mild depression
b.
Lauren, who has extreme periods of depression and mild mania
c.
Leighton, who has mild periods of depression and mania
d.
Layla, who has extreme periods of depression and mania
a.
Larry, who has extreme periods of mania and mild depression
73. John is being treated with a biological therapy for a disorder. The side effects of this therapy are irreversible and include twitching muscles in his neck and face and uncontrollable salivation. John probably has ________ and is being treated with ________.
a.
depression; a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
b.
depression; transcranial magnetic stimulation
c.
schizophrenia; a conventional antipsychotic
d.
schizophrenia; an atypical antipsychotic
c.
schizophrenia; a conventional antipsychotic
74. Of the following people, who would have the best prognosis of recovering from schizophrenia?
a.
Reinhard, a male who lives in Germany and who developed the disorder as a child
b.
Jalisa, who is from the United States and developed the disorder as a child
c.
Safia, who lives in the Republic of Georgia and developed the disorder later in life
d.
Raymond, who lives in Canada and developed the disorder later in life
c.
Safia, who lives in the Republic of Georgia and developed the disorder later in life
77. Parker, a clinical psychologist, will have the most difficult time treating which of the following clients?
a.
Cheyenne, who feels very sad and cannot get out of bed most mornings
b.
Effie, who is afraid of car accidents, so she cannot start her car without kissing her keys exactly four times
c.
Dante, who is good at lying and cheating other people for his own benefit without regard for their feelings
d.
George, who is so terrified of social events that he cannot attend his children's birthday parties
c.
Dante, who is good at lying and cheating other people for his own benefit without regard for their feelings
81. Alvira is being treated for borderline personality disorder in an inpatient treatment center. What will the second stage of treatment generally involve?
a.
brief and intensive group therapy with other clients who have borderline personality disorder to discuss Alvira's suicidal thoughts
b.
meeting with a cognitive therapist at least twice a week to learn self-respect and problem-solving skills
c.
discussing the loss of her parents at age five and how this relates to Alvira's current emotional problems
d.
working to replace her most extreme and dysfunctional behaviors with more adaptive and effective ways of coping
c.
discussing the loss of her parents at age five and how this relates to Alvira's current emotional problems
83. Alberto has antisocial personality disorder, and in addition to therapeutic, his doctor would like to prescribe a psychotropic medication to treat his symptoms. The doctor may have small success with all of the following EXCEPT
a.
atypical antipsychotics.
c.
anti-anxiety drugs.
b.
stimulants.
d.
lithium.
a.
atypical antipsychotics.
85. Dr. Johnson asks Sam, "How have you gotten your way in the past?" Sam says, "By intimidating and bullying people." Dr. Johnson continues, "And what consequences have resulted from your behavior?" Sam says, "I have been in jail for 12 of the past 13 years." Dr. Johnson asks, "What did you actually accomplish by bullying others?" Sam responds, "I got jail time." Sam will have the best prognosis for his personality disorder if he is treated with ________ therapy.
a.
psychodynamic
c.
dialectical behavior
b.
behavior
d.
cognitive
b.
behavior
90. More antidepressants have been prescribed to adolescents in recent decades, and the adolescent suicide rate has gone down. This fact provides evidence that
a.
there is a correlation between antidepressant use in adolescents and lower suicide rates.
b.
antidepressants directly reduce suicide risk.
c.
antidepressants are the treatment of choice for adolescent depression.
d.
other forms of therapy are not as effective as antidepressants, at least for adolescents.
a.
there is a correlation between antidepressant use in adolescents and lower suicide rates.
Note 
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