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schema
cognitive frameworks or mental structures that organize knowledge and guide information processing
assimilation
integrating new information into an existing schema without changing it
accomodation
creating new schema to incorporate new information
scripts
schemas for events ( celebrating a holiday ) guide behavior over time
stereotypes
social schemas that can influence perception and memory , sometimes influenced by confirmation bias
conformation bias
the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs while ignoring the other information
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts aim
to investigate how memory is reconstructed based on pre existing schemas
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts sample
british participants
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts procedure
participants were told a native american story called war of ghosts , lter they were asked to recall the story , sometimes after varying intervals , the retelling were then analyzed
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts results
partcipants change the story to fit into their own cultural expectations , the story become shorter , and some unfamiliar words has been changed to more familiar ones
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts conclusion
memory is not a passive recall of information rather an active process that is influenced by our existing knowledge
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts strenghts
high ecological validity
bartlett ( 1932 ) war of ghosts
low internal validity
Brewer & Treyens (1981) aim
to investigate the role of schema in encoding and retreival of memory
Brewer & Treyens (1981) sample
86 university psychology students
Brewer & Treyens (1981) procedure
participants were asked to wait in an office for 35 seconds the office was set up to look like a real office but with unusual items like a toy and without some expected items like books , then they were asked to recall what they had seen either through written recall or drawing
Brewer & Treyens (1981) results
participants were more likely to recall the typical items in the office due to office schemas , they recalled some items that were not present in the office like books and the unusual items were less remembered unless they were particularly distinctive
Brewer & Treyens (1981) conclusion
schema influence memory , people tend to remember items consistent with their schema and may falsley recall expected but absent items
Brewer & Treyens (1981) strenghts
high internal validity / supports schema theory by using quantitative and qualitative data
Brewer & Treyens (1981) limitations
low ecological validity / Demand characteristics – participants knew they were part of a memory experiment.