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Marbury vs. Madison
1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review
Judicial Review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws
The Louisiana Purchase
territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
Lewis & Clark
Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase
Sacajawea
native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition
Barbary Pirates
Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations
Embargo
prevented American ships from going into any foreign port, severely hurt the US economy
Non-Intercourse Act
allowed trade with all countries except France & Great Britain
War Hawks
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party
The Era of Good Feelings
time in American history where we had only one political party, the Democratic-Republicans, many controversial issues
John Marshall
served as Chief Justice of SCOTUS, having a huge influence over the course of our early history, dominant figure on the court and established the Judiciary as a branch equal to the executive and legislative
Spoils System
the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
Cherokee Nation v Georgia/Worchester v Georgia
State of Georgia tried to gain control over tribal matters, Cherokee sued to stop this, supreme court ruled in favor, but Jackson ignored the ruling
Specie Circular
decree that required all public lands to be purchased with specie ("hard" or metallic money)
Divorce Bill
issued by Van Buren, removed government funds from State banks (to protect the funds, create an "independent treasury"), with this money gone there was less credit available across the financial system
Tippecanoe and Tyler too!
Campaign slogan of William Henry Harrison
Railroads
introduced in the US in 1828, constructed across the country over the next 30 years
telegraph
A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances
Pony Express
transported mail to the West, folded after 18 months, lived on as enduring image of American West
cotton gin
made cotton production more profitable, ensuring that slavery would be continued
The Era of Good Feelings
time in American history where we had only one political party, the Democratic-Republicans, many controversial issues
John Marshall
served as Chief Justice of SCOTUS, having a huge influence over the course of our early history, dominant figure on the court and established the Judiciary as a branch equal to the executive and legislative
nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
Irish
poorer, less educated, often stayed in northeastern cities and worked in factories/mills/shipping, overwhelmingly Catholic
German
middle class, higher education levels, spread out across North/Midwest, fairly even split between farmers/skilled craftsmen/industrial workers, both Catholic and Protestant
The Second Great Awakening
religious movement spread across the nation, re-emphasis of religious matters into the daily lives of individuals
burned-over district
area that was particularly impacted in western/central NY, common citizens were having greater political rights/expanded voting rights, many differing views of Christianity
Abolitionism
Movement to end slavery
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
William Lloyd Garrison
United States abolitionist who published The Liberator
American Colonization Society
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia.
Temperance Movement
organized effort during the 19th/20th century to limit/outlaw the consumption and production of alcohol in the US
cult of domesticity
Women faced limited options in the 19th century, either marriage/housework/child care
Republican motherhood
positive view on the role of women in this particular role
Lowell System
using younger unmarried women as laborers
1848 Seneca Falls Convention
led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, listed grievances that women had of their status
Declaration of Sentiments
listed grievances that women had of their status
Dorthea Dix
helped improve the prison system especially for the mentally ill, rehabilitation became a goal for prisons of that time period
Horace Mann
argued for better school houses, longer terms, and an expanded curriculum
Transcendentalism
focus on living a simple, natural life was a growing movement in the mid 1800s
Brigham Young
led the Mormons to Utah where the community grew and prospered