APUSH Period 4 Vocab

Marbury vs. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

The Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Lewis & Clark

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase

Sacajawea

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Embargo

prevented American ships from going into any foreign port, severely hurt the US economy

Non-Intercourse Act

allowed trade with all countries except France & Great Britain

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party

The Era of Good Feelings

time in American history where we had only one political party, the Democratic-Republicans, many controversial issues

John Marshall

served as Chief Justice of SCOTUS, having a huge influence over the course of our early history, dominant figure on the court and established the Judiciary as a branch equal to the executive and legislative

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Cherokee Nation v Georgia/Worchester v Georgia

State of Georgia tried to gain control over tribal matters, Cherokee sued to stop this, supreme court ruled in favor, but Jackson ignored the ruling

Specie Circular

decree that required all public lands to be purchased with specie ("hard" or metallic money)

Divorce Bill

issued by Van Buren, removed government funds from State banks (to protect the funds, create an "independent treasury"), with this money gone there was less credit available across the financial system

Tippecanoe and Tyler too!

Campaign slogan of William Henry Harrison

Railroads

introduced in the US in 1828, constructed across the country over the next 30 years

telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

Pony Express

transported mail to the West, folded after 18 months, lived on as enduring image of American West

cotton gin

made cotton production more profitable, ensuring that slavery would be continued

The Era of Good Feelings

time in American history where we had only one political party, the Democratic-Republicans, many controversial issues

John Marshall

served as Chief Justice of SCOTUS, having a huge influence over the course of our early history, dominant figure on the court and established the Judiciary as a branch equal to the executive and legislative

nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Irish

poorer, less educated, often stayed in northeastern cities and worked in factories/mills/shipping, overwhelmingly Catholic

German

middle class, higher education levels, spread out across North/Midwest, fairly even split between farmers/skilled craftsmen/industrial workers, both Catholic and Protestant

The Second Great Awakening

religious movement spread across the nation, re-emphasis of religious matters into the daily lives of individuals

burned-over district

area that was particularly impacted in western/central NY, common citizens were having greater political rights/expanded voting rights, many differing views of Christianity

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published The Liberator

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia.

Temperance Movement

organized effort during the 19th/20th century to limit/outlaw the consumption and production of alcohol in the US

cult of domesticity

Women faced limited options in the 19th century, either marriage/housework/child care

Republican motherhood

positive view on the role of women in this particular role

Lowell System

using younger unmarried women as laborers

1848 Seneca Falls Convention

led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, listed grievances that women had of their status

Declaration of Sentiments

listed grievances that women had of their status

Dorthea Dix

helped improve the prison system especially for the mentally ill, rehabilitation became a goal for prisons of that time period

Horace Mann

argued for better school houses, longer terms, and an expanded curriculum

Transcendentalism

focus on living a simple, natural life was a growing movement in the mid 1800s

Brigham Young

led the Mormons to Utah where the community grew and prospered