Chemistry Grade 11 - Grade 9 and 10 Review

Chemistry

A science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Property

A characteristic or description that help identify a substance

Physical property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed/measured without changing it’s identity

Chemical Property

The ability of a substance to react with another substance and form one/multiple substances
“potential to undergo a chemical reaction”
-Ability to REACT not reaction

Qualitative Data

Characteristics that can be observed using the 5 senses

Quantitative Data

Characteristics that can be observed in quantifiable measure (numerical value)

Physical Change

No charge in the chemical nature of a substance. No new substance, but change in state/form. No change to substance composition
- dissolving
-often reversible

Chemical Change

Results in a new product being formed by changing the chemical nature of a sub
- new products
- often irreversible

Mixture

A substance with more than one type of particle
ex: salt water or Air

Solution (homogenous mixture)

A mixture where the different particles aren’t visible and blended to look like one ex: milk

Heterogenous mixture

different components visible ex: pizza

Pure substance

Substance that includes one type of particle

Element

Simplest form of a substance (pure sub)
- cannot be broken down further (physically or chemically)

Compound

Pure substance that are made of 3 or more different elements that are chemically combined
-can be broken down by chemical methods

Atomic #

# of protons in a element, determines chemical properties and place on periodic table

Mass #

# of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Period

row in a periodic table (same # of energy levels)

Family

same # of valence e, columns in a periodic table

Atomic radius

The total distance from an atom’s nucleus to the outermost energy level

Octet

Refers to 8 electrons in energy arrangement,
for example: full octet ( full 8 electrons = full energy level)

Ion

Charged atoms or molecules by losing/gaining electrons to create a full outer energy level
P DO NOT EQUAL E

Anion

Negatively charged ions, gained e, e>p, commonly non-metals

Cation

Positively charged ions, lost e, e<p, commonly metals

Diatomic Molecules

Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer

H N F O I Cl Br

Bohr Rutherford Diagram

P+n in nucleus

Electrons on outside, 2, 8, 8, 8,

Particle Diagrams - Homogenous Mixture

Uniform (pattern) between types of particles

Particle Diagrams - Heterogeneous Mixture

group/clump each component

Ionic compound

• metal + non-metal

• ionic bond

• dissolve in H2O

• conducts electricity

molecular compound

• 2+ non metals

• covalent bond

Quiz mistakes

• colour in molecules/atoms to differentiate that they are DIFFERENT elements in a mixture diagram

Gas Particles

Total disorder, lots of empty space, freedom of motion and particles far apart

Liquid particles

Disorder, particles or clusters of particles are free to relative to eachother, close

Crystalline Solid Particles

ordered arrangement, fixed position, very close.