Nutrition Study Review: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to form energy.

CNS

Requires glucose to function.

Muscles

Rely on glucose for fuel in the form of glycogen.

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Complex carbohydrates

Polysaccharides.

Total fiber

A type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest.

Monosaccharides

Same chemical formula but look and are treated differently by the body.

Fructose

Sweet as honey on its own, found in honey and fruit.

High fructose corn syrup

Higher in sweetness than table sugar.

Disaccharides

One disaccharide must always be glucose.

Maltose

Alpha bond made of 2 glucose molecules, known as 'malt sugar'.

Sucrose

Alpha bond made up of glucose and fructose.

Lactose

Beta bond made of glucose and galactose; primary sugar in dairy.

Lactose intolerance

A lack of lactose enzymes.

Complex Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides (more than 2).

Diabetes

Blood glucose rises after eating carbs.

Insulin

Hormone produced by beta cells of pancreas to reduce blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

Hormone produced by pancreas to help increase blood glucose.

Type 1 diabetes

Immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin resistance.

Gestational diabetes

Insulin resistance during pregnancy.

Functions of protein

Nearly half of body's protein found in muscle.

Phytochemicals

Non-nutritive substances found in plants that can damage cells.

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins.

Essential vs Nonessential

Essential amino acids must be consumed; nonessential can be made by the body.

Complete proteins

Contains all essential amino acids.

Protein quality

Ability of proteins to support tissue construction varies depending on amino acid content.

Nitrogen balance

Balance between protein intake and protein excretion in the body.

Triglyceride

Found in 95% of the body.

Lipids

Organic compounds that are insoluble in water.

Benefits of lipids

Provide texture, flavor, and aroma to foods.

Saturated vs unsaturated fat

Saturated fat carbons are saturated by hydrogens; unsaturated have one or more double bonds.

Cis vs trans fat

Cis fat has hydrogens on the same side; trans fat has hydrogens across.

Cholesterol

An animal sterol found in cell membranes of animal cells.

High density lipoproteins

HDL particles transport cholesterol from cells to the liver.

glucose

most common monosaccharides

maltose

glucose + glucose

sucrose

 glucose + fructose

lactose

glucose + galactose