Studied by 2 peopleSpace
The geometric surface of the Earth.
Activity Space
The area where daily activities occur.
Place
A bounded area of human importance.
Sequent Occupancy
Succession of cultural influences in a place's history.
Scale
Relationship of an object or place to the Earth.
Formal Regions
Areas with homogeneous characteristics.
Functional Regions
Areas with a central point serving a purpose.
Vernacular Regions
Regions based on residents' perception.
Absolute Location
Defines a point using coordinates.
Relative Location
Location compared to a known place.
Distance Decay
Interaction decreases with distance.
Friction of Distance
Inhibits interaction between points.
Space-Time Compression
Decreased time and distance between places.
Central Place Theory
Analysis of city locations and economic exchange.
Core and Periphery
Relationships in regional phenomena.
Diffusion Patterns
Ways human phenomena spread spatially.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Computer-based spatial analysis.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Network of satellites for location.
Population Growth
Involves rate of natural increase and demographic equation.
Birth Rate
Annual statistic of live births per population.
Death Rate
Annual statistic of deaths per population.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Annual percentage of population growth.
Net Migration Rate (NMR)
Immigration minus emigration per population.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average children per female of birthing age.
Dependency Ratio
Ratio of non-working to working population.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Theory of population changes.
Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
Countries that have experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth, transitioning from primarily agricultural to manufacturing-based economies.
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
A model that explains the changing population patterns and health conditions in societies as they develop, particularly focusing on the impact of medical advancements on population growth rates.
Phase of Development
Refers to the stage in a country's demographic transition where population growth stabilizes due to declining birth rates following a period of high fertility.
Population Projection
Estimating how a population will change over time and predicting potential growth or decline in size.
S-Curve of Population
A graphical representation showing rapid population growth followed by stabilization or decline as a population reaches its carrying capacity.
Stage-By-Stage Development
The sequential phases of demographic transition model (DTM) that countries go through, from pre-industrial societies to post-industrial economies.
Malthusian Theory
A theory proposing that population growth will outpace food production, leading to resource scarcity and potential crises.
Sustainability
The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Population Pyramids
Graphical representations of a population's age and gender distribution, providing insights into demographic trends.
Cultural Synthesis (Syncretism)
The blending of different cultural influences to create new cultural expressions or practices.
Dravidian
A language group with 230 million speakers originating from the Indian subcontinent.
Anatolian theory
A theory suggesting that European languages originated from migrants in present-day Turkey.
Folk music
Original music specific to a culture, often incorporating unique instruments and cultural stories.
Bluegrass
A popular folk music type originating in Kentucky, influencing country and rock music.
Continental cuisine
Formal food traditions from mainland Europe, embodied in haute cuisine.
Five Pillars of Islam
Core principles guiding moral behavior for Muslims, including daily prayers and pilgrimage to Mecca.
Caste System
Social hierarchy in India with five main castes, including Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Dalits.
Theocracy
Governance where religious leaders hold senior positions, as seen in Iran.
Folklore
Stories specific to a culture, reflecting societal histories and ethical foundations.
Race
Physical characteristics categorizing groups, such as Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid.
Lebensraum
The living space for each distinct nation based on optimal physical geography of the culture group.
Neo-Nazism
Based on violent racism against non-whites and immigrants or violent expression of xenophobia.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group and the inferiority of others.
Cultural relativism
Idea that beliefs and activities are understood in the context of one's culture.
Internal vs External Identity
Expressing cultural heritage to those who share vs. those who don't.
Culture regions
Bounded space with homogeneous cultural characteristics.
Fuzzy borders
Difficulty in determining where one cultural region ends and another begins.
Cultural Hearths
Localized areas where cultures originated or have main population centers.
Acculturation
Adapting to a new culture while retaining original traits.
Assimilation
Complete change in identity as a minority culture becomes part of the majority.
Cultural survival
Efforts to protect and promote indigenous cultures.
Genocide
Large-scale systematic killing of people of one ethnic group.
Country
Identifiable land area.
Nation
Population with a single culture.
State
Population under a single government with sovereign territory.
Nation-state
Single culture under a single government.
Sovereignty
State's independence from outside control with international recognition.
Multi-national states
Made up of different nations represented by various culture groups.
Nationalism
Desire for political representation or independence from existing culture groups.
Stateless nations
Culture group not included in the state political process.
Boundary Process
The process of claiming, negotiating, or capturing borders.
Delimitation Process
Placing borders on the map.
Demarcation Process
Placing markers on the ground to show where borders lie.
Physical Border
Natural boundaries like rivers, mountains, or deserts.
Cultural Border
Estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes.
Geometric Border
Boundaries surveyed along lines of latitude and longitude.
Definitional Dispute
Interpretation differences of border treaties by states.
Locational Dispute
Border movement due to natural changes like rivers shifting.
Operational Dispute
Issues with passage across agreed borders.
Allocational Dispute
Disputes over resources lying across borders.
Frontier
Open and undefined territory.
Tyranny of the Map
Imposition of boundaries not matching cultural boundaries.
State Morphology
Impact of a country's shape on society and external relations.
Heartland-Rimland model
Defines global geopolitical landscape and potential conflict areas
Primary commodity of conflict
Resource countries fight over
Shatterbelt theory
Proposed by Saul Cohen in 1950
Pivot Area
Modified concept from Mackinder's Heartland
Buffer states
Surround hostile countries to protect them
Containment
Strategic policy proposed by George Kennan in 1947
Terrorism
Planned violent attacks to cause fear and policy change
State terrorism
Governments using violence to control their people
Primary economy
Includes timber, fisheries, minerals, and energy
Intensive agriculture
Requires lots of labor or small land area
Extensive agriculture
Requires limited labor or spreads over large areas
Transhumance
Seasonal movement to follow resources
Pastoralism
Seasonal movement of animals for grazing
Nomadic herding
Communities moving herds seasonally
Ranching
Grazing livestock in a large area
Subsistence agriculture
Provides for all household needs
Physiologic density
People per unit of arable land
Food preservation
Techniques for survival
Cash-cropping
Harvested crops exchanged for currency
Conservation agriculture
Sustainable farming without sacrificing production
Ammonium nitrate
First mass-produced as a fertilizer to replace lost nitrogen in soils
Note
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