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role of finance
All businesses need money to finance their various activities: capital expenditure + revenue expenditure. Firms need to consider various factors when selecting sources of finance like Availability, Cost of finance (usually from interest charges) , Time period of repayment
Capital expenditure
finance spent on fixed assets like machines
pros of capital expenditure
can serve as collaterals for loans and adds extra production capacity and improves efficiency to replace worn out or obsolete equipment
cons of capital expenditure
high cost and limited source of finance
revenue expenditure
finance spent on daily running of business. costs in short term to pay off in the long term like advertisement, freight, office supplies
internal sources of finance
personal funds, retained profits and sale of assets
personal funds
used as source for sole traders and partnerships. uses capital and revenue expenditure
adv for personal funds
0 costs of finance unless borrowed from friends or w/interest
dis for personal funds
limits to amount of money available
retained profits
value of finance that business keeps after paying taxes to government and dividends to shareholders. uses capital and revenue expenditure
adv for retained profits
0 costs of finance and no interest
dis for retained profits
business makes a loss and source of finance won't be available
sale of asset
business can sell their unused assets to raise finance including subsidiaries
adv for sale of asset
0 costs of finance and no interest
dis for sale of asset
if assets are undesirable or no value, funds can't be raised and can sell for scrap value
external sources of finance
share capital, loan capital, overdrafts and trade credit
share capital as a source of finance
main source of finance for most LL companies. Privately held cannot sell but existing publicly held can increase $ by issuing shares and go public by IPO. Uses revenue expenditure
adv of share capital
can raise a huge amount of finance, especially for publicly held companies
dis of share capital
time consuming and expensive to prepare and launch and no guarantee that investors will want to buy your shares
loan capital
obtained from lending institutions or banks, interest is charged for loan and amount borrowed is repaid in installments over period of time like bank loans. uses capital expenditure
adv of loan capital
repaid in installments and gives business time to earn revenues so they can repay it
dis of loan capital
depending on interest rate, $ borrowed might be high. If collateral is provided(like property bought w/mortgage) and business fails, lender takes possession of asset
mortgages
loans for purchase of property(land, building) banks can repossess your property as collateral
business development loans
highly flexible loans catered to meet specific needs of borrowers and used to start or expand business, buy equipment, improve organisation's cash flow positions
debenture
long term loans issued by a business. Its holders(individual, gov etc) receive interest payments even if business works a loss and it is paid before shareholders are paid dividends, Interest can be fixed or variable
overdrafts
allows business to temporarily take out more money than it has in its bank accounts and uses revenue expenditure
adv of overdrafts
most flexible finance for unexpected large cash outflows
dis of overdrafts
cost of borrowing is high due to high interest rates compared to other loan bearing sources of finance and is repayable on demand from lender
when for overdrafts?
sudden need for large cash outflow and retailers during holidays and also when awaiting repayments of products traded on sole credit
trade credit
allows business to buy now and pay later. although a business has received goods it has purchased to pay. Uses revenue expenditure
adv of trade credit
allows time for business to process raw materials into goods/services and earn revenue so they can pay for raw materials
dis of trade credit
payments of voice are late and business can be charged overdue payment penalties
crowdfunding
raises finance from many individuals for a small amount of money to finance a new business venture and uses capital expenditure
adv of crowdfunding
potentially high reward in generating funding with low initial risk and feedback from potential investors could provide valuable market research
dis of crowdfunding
cost of finance in form of hosting fees to crowdfund platforms, low success rate in getting sufficient funding due to competition for funds and often highly regulated by government to prevent fraud
leasing
obtaining the use of equipment or vehicles and paying a rental or leasing charge over a fixed period. This avoids the need for businesses to raise long term capital to but the asset; ownership remains with the leasing company. This may cost more in the long term
adv for leasing
useful for business that don't have capital to purchase expensive assets outright, repairs and maintenance are the responsibility of the owner of asset and leasing is treated as an expense which helps to reduce profits tax on biz
dis for leasing
long-run cost of leasing can add up to be more than purchasing the asset outright
hire purchase
as asset sold to a company which agrees to make fixed repayments over an agreed time period; the asset belongs to the company
microfinance
finance service aimed at entrepreneur who comes from disadvantaged sector of society especially to lower socioeconomic status to access financial services in order to eradicate poverty and uses capital expenditure
adv of microfinance
accessibility to finance for those who are impoverished and job creation that benefits society by funding micro-businesses
dis of microfinance
unethical lending practices as many microfinance lenders operate as a for-profit entity and limited sums of finance available due to high risk of default
business angels
extremely wealthy individuals who choose to invest their own money in businesses that offer high growth potential. different from venture capitalists who operate as a pool of professionally managed funds. uses capital expenditure
adv of business angels
source of funding for firms that are unable to secure loans from banks and attract investments by venture capitalists
dis of business angels
some loss of control of business by angels who take a proactive role in business and may eventually have to buy out stakes owned by angels
what to consider for sources of finance
ROI: most startups fall so they need to be confident in positive returns and growth potential. Business plan, people(good team w/diversity) and track record(credit payment history)
repayment methods of finance
financial managers must be aware of repayment periods for all sources of finance. Firms cash flow position has more cash coming in than going out
short term
within next 12 months
long term
5+ years
short-term finance
within 1 year before due for repayment and typically used to pay for daily routine operations like trade credit
long term finance
1+ year before due for repayments and typically used to purchase fixed assets or finance expansions
timeline affecting business
business that heavily develop and involve with research see long term 10+ years. fast paced industries might see 5+ years too far ahead to plan for effectively
SPACED concept
size of firm, purpose, amount required, cost of finance, external influences and duration required
cost
expenditure incurred by business and not amount paid by customers
price
sum paid by customer
business expenditure
all business must spend money in order to earn it. business need to pay for set-up and running costs
set-up costs
items of expenditure needed to start business
running costs
ongoing costs of running the business
fixed costs
cost of production that a business pays regardless of how much it produces even no outputs like rent
variable costs
cost of production that change in proportion to level of output. if output=0 then variable=0
direct costs
specifically related to individual products of the output of a particular product. Typically are variable but not always
indirect/overhead costs
cannot be clearly traced to the production or sale of any products and are fixed. Unlike fixed, overheads are difficult to identify with particular business activity
revenue
money generated from normal business operations calculated as the average selling price x number sold/quantity
total cost formula
total variable cost + total fixed cost
total fixed cost formula
average fixed cost x quantity
average fixed cost formula
total fixed cost/quantity
average variable cost formula
total variable cost/quantity
total variable cost formula
average variable cost x quantity
average cost formula
(total cost)/quantity or AFC + AVC
revenue stream
money comes into firm from means other than sales revenue like advertising, transactions fees etc
subscription fees
customers who use or access a good or services based on a formal agreement
interest earnings
earn in less on cash deposits at a commercial bank when a business has a positive cash balance
dividends
share of net profits distributes to shareholder at the end of the tax year
donations
financial gifts from individuals or other organizations to a business
subventions
subsidies offered from government to certain businesses to help reduce their cost of operations
final accounts
comprise of profit loss/income statement and balance sheet and all businesses need to keep records of their financial statements to allow proper accounting allows for better. obliged to produce this to ensure transparency
shareholders + interest in final account
sees where their money was spent and how well their investments perform
employees + interest in final account
to assess likelihood of pay increments and job security
managers + interest in final account
to judge the operational efficiency of their organization and used for target setting and strategic planning
competitors + interest in final account
to compare financial performance with their rivals
financiers + interest in final account
to assess credibility of debt repayment
suppliers + interest in final account
to decide whether trade credit should be approved
potential investments + interest in final account
to use accounts to aid potential investment decisions
3 sections of P + L
trading account, profit and loss account and appropriation account
trading account
first section of P + L, shows difference between firm's sales revenue and the cost of goods sold. the difference = gross profit
gross profit formula
sales revenue - cost of goods sold
COGS formula
opening stock + purchases - closing stock
profit and loss account
shows net profit or loss of a business at the end of a trading period
net profit
financial surplus from sales revenue after cost and expenses are accounted for
net profit formula
gross profit - expenses
cost of sales
costs that a business can easily connect to the good or service it has produced and known as direct costs
expenses
costs that affect the business not just good or services and known as indirect cost
appropriation account
shows how net profit is distributed w/ dividends and retained profits
dividends in appropriation account
amount distributed to owners/shareholders and decided by BOD and approved at AGM typically paid bi-annually(interim and final)
interim dividends
paid midway through the year
final dividend
paid end of fiscal year
retained profits in appropriation account
profit kept for business as an internal source of finance(retained surplus) and transferred to firm's equity amount of their balance sheet and recorded as retained earnings
profit
profit-making business earns after all expenses have been paid for from the firm's gross profit. Profit-making entities distribute profits by reward shareholders in form of dividend and reinvest profits back into business to use in retained profits
surplus
what non-profit business earns after all expenses have been paid for from the gross surplus. non-profit entities reinvest all profits back into the business for its own use in form of retained surplus
benefits of P+L statements
shows variable profits after cost, allows historical completion and supports financial analysis