cartilage, tissue, and bone cells

[ ] is a specialized form of connective tissue

cartilage

cartilage is [ ], has firm consistency, and is able to bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion

avascular

[ ], [ ], and [ ] are three types of cartilage where [ ] is the most common

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

hyaline

[ ] is responsible for long bone growth

hyaline

the temporary skeleton besides the brain in embryos that is replaced by bone is [ ]

hyaline

hyaline can be found in the skeleton of a fetus, walls of larger respiratory passages, and [ ]

epiphyseal plates of growing bones

articular surface of movable joints

hyaline is most abundant in the respiratory system in the [ ], [ ], [ ] and [ ]

nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

cartilage forms from mesenchyme » [ ] » chondrocytes » isogenous groups

chondroblasts

[ ] are completely covered by ground substance and fibers

chondrocytes

chondroblast are formed by differentiation of progenitor cells in the [ ]

perichondrium

[ ] sits in the lacuna, where it is only visible after tissue processing

chondrocytes

why is the lacuna only visible after tissue processing?

the chondrocytes shrink

cell type?

structure?

cell type: chondrocyte

structure: lacuna

fibers are made out of [ ] collagen fibrils

type II

fibers contain a lot of [ ] and are [ ] (in terms of staining)

hydroxylysine

basophilic

the type of collagen that predominates bone formation is [ ]

type X collagen

chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid are all types of

GAGs

[ ] is a cart-specific proteoglycan

aggrecan

the cartilage extracellular matrix is [ ] and is composed of 60 - 80% water

hydrophilic

the [ ] acts as a shock absorber and cushioning

ground substance of cartilage extracellular matrix

the arrows indicate which features of proteoglycan aggregates

(from left to right)

link protein, GAGs, hyaluronic acid

the [ ] is immediately around the cell and rich in GAGs but poor in collagen

territorial matrix

the [ ] has a darker stain while the [ ] has a lighter stain due to a more balanced ratio of collagen to GAG

territorial matrix, interterritorial matrix

the [ ] is made of type I cartilage

perichondrium

a layer of dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage is called the [ ]

perichondrium

the [ ] synthesize dense CT where [ ] form chondroblast

fibroblast, progenitor cells

[ ] and [ ] do not contain a perichondrium

articular cartilage and fibrocartilage

the top portion is called the ?

the lower portion?

perichondrium, cartilage

[ ] cartilage has to be stained to see

elastic

[ ] is more flexible than hyaline cartilage and appears yellow in fresh tissue

elastic cartilage

the external ear, walls of external auditory canal, eustachian tubes, and epligottis all contain [ ]

elastic cartilage

elastic fibers are differentiated from reticular fibers because?

they are long, straight, thin, and branched

the intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage is [ ]

fibrocartilage

type [ ] and type [ ] collagen make up fibrocartilage fibers

I and II

collagen fiber form [ ] bundles between chondrocyte groups that are aligned [ ] to stresses acting on fibrocartilage

irregular, parallel

fibrocartilage merges with [ ][ ][ ] and or [ ][ ] for nutrients

dense connective tissue, hyaline cartilage

[ ] [ ]and [ ] [ ]are two places we find fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

the intervertebral disc is composed of two layers [ ][ ] and [ ][ ]

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus contains an overlapping laminae of [ ]

fibrocartilage

the [ ] [ ] provides disk with resilience to withstand stress of vertebrae

annulus fibrosus

the [ ] [ ] has cells embedded in amorphous, viscous fluid

nucleus pulposus

the nucleus pulposus is rich in [ ] [ ]

hyaluronic acid

cartilage is limited in size due to [ ] [ ]

nutrient diffusion

chondrocytes have lots of [ ][ ][ ] which help facilitate metabolic exchange

cell surface projections

interstitial growth is ?

the division of pre-existing chondrocytes

[ ][ ] is the differentiation of progenitor cells leading to growth in girth

appositional growth

in young children, cartilage [ ] but in adults, there’s [ ][ ]

regenerates, limited repair

[ ] are the structures that attach one bone to another

joints

there are two classifications of joints [ ] and [ ]

synarthroses and. diarthroses

bone united by bone is called [ ] and results in no movement

synostosis

bone joined by hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage is [ ] and results in limited movement

synchondrosis

bones joined by dense CT is called [ ]

syndesmosis

[ ] unites long bones and allows for great mobility

diarthrosis

diarthrosis joints have three components [ ], [ ], and [ ]

articular cartilage, capsule, and synovial membrane

the [ ][ ] contains phagocytic cells that clear debris

synovial membrane

[ ][ ] contains nutrients, oxygen, hyaluronan, and proteoglycans

synovial fluid

[ ] is the abnormality of a joint

arthritis

the loss of articular cartilage from reduced proteoglycans and erosion of matrix is [ ]

osteoarthritis

rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by ?

chronic inflammation of joint

fibrous ingrowth into joint

erosion of cartilage and bone

pituitary dwarfism is caused by a lack of [ ][ ]

growth hormone

gigantism is caused by an excess of [ ][ ]

growth hormone

epiphyseal cartilage over stimulated

a mutation in type II, IX collagen, FGFr causes [ ]

chondrodysplasia