AP Gov Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government (Class Notes)

AP U.S Government & Politics Unit 2. Updated 2025

How many members are in the House of Representatives?

435

How many senators are there in the U.S. Senate?

100 (2 per state)

What is the term length for a Representative?

2 years

What is the term length for a Senator?

6 years, with special appointment if they become Vice President

Who is the current Speaker of the House?

Mike Johnson

Who is the current Senate Majority Leader?

John Thune

Who is the current President of the Senate?

JD Vance

Which chamber of Congress is considered the 'upper house'?

Senate

What is the primary power of the Legislative branch?

To make laws and create public policy.

What amendment established the direct election of senators?

17th Amendment.

How are Representatives in the House of Representatives elected?

They are directly elected by the people based on population.

What is the purpose of the Necessary and Proper Clause?

Allows Congress to make laws necessary for carrying out its powers.

What are 'implied powers'?

Powers not expressly stated in the Constitution, allowing Congress to create laws in areas not explicitly mentioned.

What does the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) require?

Employers with 20 or more employees to offer health insurance plans that allow employees to continue coverage after job loss.

What are the non-legislative powers of the Senate?

Confirmation powers, such as confirming judicial nominations and ratifying treaties.

What is a filibuster?

A long speech to delay action and prevent a vote.

What does a cloture motion do?

Cuts off debate on a bill, requiring a supermajority of 60 votes to pass.

What is a discharge petition?

A mechanism for the majority of the House to force a bill out of committee.

What is a standing committee?

A permanent congressional committee that meets regularly.

What is 'gerrymandering'?

Drawing district boundaries to benefit a particular political party.

What is malapportionment?

Districts of very unequal size in terms of population.

What landmark case established the principle of judicial review?

Marbury v. Madison (1803).

What does 'stare decisis' mean?

The legal principle of determining points in litigation according to the precedent.

What can a president do to check the power of the Senate?

Nominate cabinet heads, judges, and ambassadors.

What is the purpose of the War Powers Resolution of 1973?

To limit the president's ability to wage war without congressional consent.

What does the term 'national debt' refer to?

The total amount the federal government owes.

How many justices must agree to hear a case in the Supreme Court?

At least 4 justices.

Who wrote Federalist No. 70 advocating for a unitary executive?

Alexander Hamilton.

What does the term 'politico' model of representation mean?

A representative who acts as both a delegate and a trustee depending on the situation.

What is discretionary spending?

Spending that must be authorized each year by Congress and the President.