What does the Frontal/Coronal plane do?
Separates the body from front and back
What does the Transversal/Horizontal plane do?
Separates into top and bottom halves of the body
What does the Sagittal plane do?
Separates the middle of the body into right and left halves
What does Anterior mean?
In front of or towards front surface of body
What does Posterior mean?
Behind or toward the back surface of body
What does Inferior mean?
Closer to the bottom of the feet
What does Superior mean?
Closer to the top of the head
What does Medial mean?
Closer to the midline of the body
What does Lateral mean?
Further away from the midline of the body
What does Proximal mean?
Closer to the site of attachment
What does Distal mean?
Further away from the site of attachment
What does Cranial mean?
Closer to the head
What does Caudal mean?
Closer to the tail/tailbone
What does Superficial mean?
Close to the surface/skin
What does Deep mean?
Deeper in the body
What is Fascia?
Layer of tissue somewhere in the body (loose, fatty)
What does Cutaneous mean?
Anything associated with the skin
Define Ipsilateral
Structures occur on same side of body
Define Contralateral
Structures occur on opposite side of body
Define Unilateral
Structures occur on a single side of the body
Define Bilateral
Structures occur on both sides of the body (right and left member)
What are the 5 main functions of the vertebral column?
Support vertical weight of the body
Support weight of the head
Sight of muscle attachment
Protects spinal cord
Passageway for nerves
What is scoliosis?
Lateral deviation of vertebrae
What is kyphosis?
Vertebrae curves posteriorly in thoracic region
What is lordosis?
Increased lumbar curvature
What is the Annulus Fibrosus?
Hard outer portion of intervertebral discs
What is the Nucleus Pulposus?
Inner elastic portion of intervertebral discs
What is a process?
Long structure on bone
What is a facet?
Smooth flat surface on bone where bones meet/attach
What is a foramen?
Hole through bone
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression on bone
What is a tubercle?
Bump on a bone
Trapezius Second Order Info
Origins: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insertions: Clavicle and Scapula
Actions: Elevates, retracts and depresses scapula
Innervation: Accessory Nerve
Levator Scapulae Second Order Info
Origin: Cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Border of scapula
Actions: Elevates scapula and Inferiorly rotates scapula
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular nerve
Rhomboid Major and Minor Second Order Info
Origin: Thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Actions: Elevates, retracts, and inferiorly rotates scapula
Innervation: Dorsal Scapular nerve
Latissimus Dorsi Second Order Info
Origins: Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, os coxae and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Humerus
Actions: Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of arm
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve
Serratus Anterior Muscle
Protracts and rotates scapula upward (punching muscle)
Deltoid Muscle
Abducts, laterally rotates/extends and medially rotates/flex arm
Teres Major Muscle
Adducts and medially rotates arm
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus muscle
Infraspinatus muscle
Teres Minor muscle
Subscapularis muscle
Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis muscle functions
Extension of head/neck and rotate head
Serratus Posterior Superior muscle function
Elevates ribs
Serratus Posterior Inferior muscle function
Depresses ribs
Erector Spinae muscle functions
Unilateral contraction: Lateral flexion of torso
Bilateral contraction: Extension of torso and maintains posture
Transversospinalis muscle functions
Unilateral contraction: Rotates torso to opposite side
Bilateral contraction: Extension of torso and maintains posture
What is the Conus Medullaris?
“Cone” shape where spinal cord terminates
What is the Cauda Equina?
“Horse Tail” Axons of nerves hanging down from conus medullaris
What is the Filum Terminale?
Anchorer of the spinal cord to coccyx that stabilizes spinal cord
How many Spinal Nerve pairs are there?
31 pairs
Name the Spinal Nerves
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
CO 1
What is the function of the Spinal Nerves?
Convey info to/from spinal cord and Carry both sensory and motor info
What do Ventral Roots contain?
Motor Axons only
What do Dorsal Roots contain?
Sensory Axons only
Where does the Dorsal Ramus branch off from?
Dorsal Roots
Where does the Ventral Ramus branch off from?
Ventral Roots
What are Meninges?
Coverings of the Spinal Cord
What is the Dura Mater?
Layer covering the spinal cord that protects the spinal cord
What is the Arachnoid Mater?
Web looking layer under the Dura Mater
What is the Subarachnoid Space?
Space within the arachnoid mater that is filled with Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the Pia Mater?
Innermost thin layer that houses vessels supplying the spinal cord
Gluteus Maximus function
Extends the hip and rotates the hip laterally
Gluteus Medius function
Gluteus Minimus function
Abduction and medial rotation of hip
Piriformis function
Superior Gemellus function
Obturator Internus function
Inferior Gemellus function
Quadratus Femoris function
Laterally rotates thigh
Superior Gluteal Artery function
Supplies Gluteus Maximus, Medius, and Minimus
Inferior Gluteal Artery function
Supplies Gluteus Maximus and smaller gluteal muscles
What are the Gluteal Veins?
Superior gluteal vein and Inferior gluteal vein
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
Conduct info to and from brain
Process sensory info
Send out Motor info
Process reflexes
What are Reflexes?
Involuntary motor response to a specific stimulus
What is the Spinal Reflex Arc?
Neural pathway from start of stimulus to start of response without going to the brain for processing
What is a Monosynaptic reflex?
Sensory neurons that synapse directly with a motor neuron
What is a Polysynaptic reflex?
One or more inner neurons between a sensory and motor neruon
What are Dermatomes?
Sensory regions monitored by a single spinal segment
What is a spinal tap/lumbar puncture?
Removal of Cerebrospinal fluid for examination or to administer epidural anesthesia
What is Spina Bifida?
Exposed spinal cord in babies due to improper formation of vertebrae
What is Hemopoiesis?
production of blood cells
What are the main functions of Bone?
Hemopoiesis
Support and Protection
Movement
Storage for energy and mineral reserve
What are the 4 bone shapes?
Long: Radius, Ulna, Femur
Short: Talus, Capitate
Flat: Scapula, Sternum
Irregular: Sphenoid, vertebrae
What are Sesamoids?
Bones that grow within tendons (ex. Patella Bone)
What is the Diaphysis?
Shaft of the Long bone
What is the Epiphysis?
End of the Long bone
What is the Metaphysis?
Part between diaphysis and epiphysis
What are the two types of bone?
Spongy bone and Compact bone
What is Intramembranous Ossification?
Bone growth within membrane
What is Endochondral Ossification?
Mesenchyme first forms into cartilage before bone
What is the Skins major functions?
Protection
Water Retention
Vitamin D Synthesis
Sensation
Secretion
Thermoregulation
Communication
What are the structures of the Skin?
Sweat gland
Sebaceous gland
Arrector Pili muscle
Cutaneous blood vessels
Motor nerve fiber
Tactile sensory receptors
What are the five layers of the Epidermis?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
What is the Stratum Basale?
attachment to basal layer membrane
What is the Stratum Spinosum?
Layers of Keratinocytes
What is the Stratum Granulosom?
3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes
What is the Stratum Lucidum?
Thin translucent layer of flattened densely packed cells filled with Keratin (only in thick skin)
What is the Stratum Corneum?
Flattened dead cells
What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?
Superficial Papillary layer and Reticular layer
What. are factors that affect the Skin?
Age
Hormones
UV light
Stretch Marks
What are Epidermal ridges?
Deep layers of the epidermis that extend into the dermis (fingerprints)
What are key features of Thin Skin?
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Hair
Thinner (face) and Tougher (back) components
What are Key features of Thick Skin?
No sebaceous glands
No hair
Contains stratum lucidum