Unit 1 Exam

First exam review for Anatomy

What does the Frontal/Coronal plane do?

Separates the body from front and back

What does the Transversal/Horizontal plane do?

Separates into top and bottom halves of the body

What does the Sagittal plane do?

Separates the middle of the body into right and left halves

What does Anterior mean?

In front of or towards front surface of body

What does Posterior mean?

Behind or toward the back surface of body

What does Inferior mean?

Closer to the bottom of the feet

What does Superior mean?

Closer to the top of the head

What does Medial mean?

Closer to the midline of the body

What does Lateral mean?

Further away from the midline of the body

What does Proximal mean?

Closer to the site of attachment

What does Distal mean?

Further away from the site of attachment

What does Cranial mean?

Closer to the head

What does Caudal mean?

Closer to the tail/tailbone

What does Superficial mean?

Close to the surface/skin

What does Deep mean?

Deeper in the body

What is Fascia?

Layer of tissue somewhere in the body (loose, fatty)

What does Cutaneous mean?

Anything associated with the skin

Define Ipsilateral

Structures occur on same side of body

Define Contralateral

Structures occur on opposite side of body

Define Unilateral

Structures occur on a single side of the body

Define Bilateral

Structures occur on both sides of the body (right and left member)

What are the 5 main functions of the vertebral column?

1. Support vertical weight of the body
2. Support weight of the head
3. Sight of muscle attachment
4. Protects spinal cord
5. Passageway for nerves

What is scoliosis?

Lateral deviation of vertebrae

What is kyphosis?

Vertebrae curves posteriorly in thoracic region

What is lordosis?

Increased lumbar curvature

What is the Annulus Fibrosus?

Hard outer portion of intervertebral discs

What is the Nucleus Pulposus?

Inner elastic portion of intervertebral discs

What is a process?

Long structure on bone

What is a facet?

Smooth flat surface on bone where bones meet/attach

What is a foramen?

Hole through bone

What is a fossa?

Shallow depression on bone

What is a tubercle?

Bump on a bone

Trapezius Second Order Info

1. Origins: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, cervical and thoracic vertebrae
2. Insertions: Clavicle and Scapula
3. Actions: Elevates, retracts and depresses scapula
4. Innervation: Accessory Nerve

Levator Scapulae Second Order Info

1. Origin: Cervical vertebrae
2. Insertion: Border of scapula
3. Actions: Elevates scapula and Inferiorly rotates scapula
4. Innervation: Dorsal Scapular nerve

Rhomboid Major and Minor Second Order Info

1. Origin: Thoracic vertebrae
2. Insertion: Medial border of scapula
3. Actions: Elevates, retracts, and inferiorly rotates scapula
4. Innervation: Dorsal Scapular nerve

Latissimus Dorsi Second Order Info

1. Origins: Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, os coxae and thoracolumbar fascia
2. Insertion: Humerus
3. Actions: Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of arm
4. Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve

Serratus Anterior Muscle

Protracts and rotates scapula upward (punching muscle)

Deltoid Muscle

Abducts, laterally rotates/extends and medially rotates/flex arm

Teres Major Muscle

Adducts and medially rotates arm

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

1. Supraspinatus muscle
2. Infraspinatus muscle
3. Teres Minor muscle
4. Subscapularis muscle

Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis muscle functions

Extension of head/neck and rotate head

Serratus Posterior Superior muscle function

Elevates ribs

Serratus Posterior Inferior muscle function

Depresses ribs

Erector Spinae muscle functions

1. Unilateral contraction: Lateral flexion of torso
2. Bilateral contraction: Extension of torso and maintains posture

Transversospinalis muscle functions

1. Unilateral contraction: Rotates torso to opposite side
2. Bilateral contraction: Extension of torso and maintains posture

What is the Conus Medullaris?

“Cone” shape where spinal cord terminates

What is the Cauda Equina?

“Horse Tail” Axons of nerves hanging down from conus medullaris

What is the Filum Terminale?

Anchorer of the spinal cord to coccyx that stabilizes spinal cord

How many Spinal Nerve pairs are there?

31 pairs

Name the Spinal Nerves

1. C1-C8
2. T1-T12
3. L1-L5
4. S1-S5
5. CO 1

What is the function of the Spinal Nerves?

Convey info to/from spinal cord and Carry both sensory and motor info

What do Ventral Roots contain?

Motor Axons only

What do Dorsal Roots contain?

Sensory Axons only

Where does the Dorsal Ramus branch off from?

Dorsal Roots

Where does the Ventral Ramus branch off from?

Ventral Roots

What are Meninges?

Coverings of the Spinal Cord

What is the Dura Mater?

Layer covering the spinal cord that protects the spinal cord

What is the Arachnoid Mater?

Web looking layer under the Dura Mater

What is the Subarachnoid Space?

Space within the arachnoid mater that is filled with Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the Pia Mater?

Innermost thin layer that houses vessels supplying the spinal cord

Gluteus Maximus function

Extends the hip and rotates the hip laterally

Gluteus Medius function

Gluteus Minimus function

Abduction and medial rotation of hip

Piriformis function

Superior Gemellus function

Obturator Internus function

Inferior Gemellus function

Quadratus Femoris function

Laterally rotates thigh

Superior Gluteal Artery function

Supplies Gluteus Maximus, Medius, and Minimus

Inferior Gluteal Artery function

Supplies Gluteus Maximus and smaller gluteal muscles

What are the Gluteal Veins?

Superior gluteal vein and Inferior gluteal vein

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

1. Conduct info to and from brain
2. Process sensory info
3. Send out Motor info
4. Process reflexes

What are Reflexes?

Involuntary motor response to a specific stimulus

What is the Spinal Reflex Arc?

Neural pathway from start of stimulus to start of response without going to the brain for processing

What is a Monosynaptic reflex?

Sensory neurons that synapse directly with a motor neuron

What is a Polysynaptic reflex?

One or more inner neurons between a sensory and motor neruon

What are Dermatomes?

Sensory regions monitored by a single spinal segment

What is a spinal tap/lumbar puncture?

Removal of Cerebrospinal fluid for examination or to administer epidural anesthesia

What is Spina Bifida?

Exposed spinal cord in babies due to improper formation of vertebrae

What is Hemopoiesis?

production of blood cells

What are the main functions of Bone?

1. Hemopoiesis
2. Support and Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage for energy and mineral reserve

What are the 4 bone shapes?

1. Long: Radius, Ulna, Femur
2. Short: Talus, Capitate
3. Flat: Scapula, Sternum
4. Irregular: Sphenoid, vertebrae

What are Sesamoids?

Bones that grow within tendons (ex. Patella Bone)

What is the Diaphysis?

Shaft of the Long bone

What is the Epiphysis?

End of the Long bone

What is the Metaphysis?

Part between diaphysis and epiphysis

What are the two types of bone?

Spongy bone and Compact bone

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

Bone growth within membrane

What is Endochondral Ossification?

Mesenchyme first forms into cartilage before bone

What is the Skins major functions?

1. Protection
2. Water Retention
3. Vitamin D Synthesis
4. Sensation
5. Secretion
6. Thermoregulation
7. Communication

What are the structures of the Skin?

1. Sweat gland
2. Sebaceous gland
3. Arrector Pili muscle
4. Cutaneous blood vessels
5. Motor nerve fiber
6. Tactile sensory receptors

What are the five layers of the Epidermis?

1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Basale

What is the Stratum Basale?

attachment to basal layer membrane

What is the Stratum Spinosum?

Layers of Keratinocytes

What is the Stratum Granulosom?

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes

What is the Stratum Lucidum?

Thin translucent layer of flattened densely packed cells filled with Keratin (only in thick skin)

What is the Stratum Corneum?

Flattened dead cells

What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?

Superficial Papillary layer and Reticular layer

What. are factors that affect the Skin?

1. Age
2. Hormones
3. UV light
4. Stretch Marks

What are Epidermal ridges?

Deep layers of the epidermis that extend into the dermis (fingerprints)

What are key features of Thin Skin?

1. Sebaceous glands
2. Sweat glands
3. Hair
4. Thinner (face) and Tougher (back) components

What are Key features of Thick Skin?

1. No sebaceous glands
2. No hair
3. Contains stratum lucidum