A typical ejaculation releases 2–5 mL of semen, which contains seminal fluid and sperm cells.
A normal sperm count ranges from 107 to 108 spermatozoa per milliliter of semen.
Spermatogenesis: The process of generating spermatozoa.
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of glandular secretions.
Prostatic fluid secretions account for approximately 30% of the ejaculate.
Vasectomy: The surgical removal of a bilateral segment of the ductus deferens. It prevents spermatozoa from reaching the distal portions of the male reproductive tract.
Oligospermia: The condition by which males have abnormally low sperm counts.
Azoospermia: A condition that causes males to produce no spermatozoa.
The head contains a nucleus with densely packed chromosomes.
Acrosomal Cap: A membranous compartment containing enzymes essential for fertilization found at the tip of the head.
The head is attached to the middle piece through a short neck where the mitochondria that provide the energy for moving the tail are located.
The tail or flagellum is responsible for spermatozoon motility.
Lighting Techniques for Visual Examination of Semen Stains
Acid Phosphatase Techniques
Colorimetric Assays
The AP contained in semen can hydrolyze a variety of phosphate esters.
It catalyzes the removal of the phosphate group from a substrate.
An insoluble colored precipitate at sites of acid phosphatase activity is formed with a stabilized diazonium salt.
Fluorometric Assays
These are more sensitive than the colorimetric detection of AP and are used for semen stain mapping.
AP catalyzes the removal of the phosphate residue on a 4-methylumbelliferone phosphate (MUP) substrate a reaction that generates fluorescence under ultraviolet light.
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Microscopic Examination of Spermatozoa:
Identification of Prostate-Specific Antigen
Identification of Seminal Vesicle–Specific Antigen
Immunochromatographic Assays: RSID®-Semen test and Nanotrap Sg.
ELISA: Antibody Sandwich ELISA
The intensity of the signal can be detected and is proportional to the amount of bound antigen. The amount of PSA can also be quantified by comparing a standard with known concentrations.
RNA-Based Assays
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Gene Symbol | Gene Product | Description |
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KLK3 | Kallikrein 3 | Also called prostate-specific antigen (PSA). |
PRM1 | Protamine 1 | DNA-binding proteins are involved in condensation of sperm chromatin. |
PRM2 | Protamine 2 | DNA-binding proteins involved in condensation of sperm chromatin. |
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