Strength and Conditioning Exam 1

Skeletal System

Composed of 206 bones in the adult body, providing leverage, support, and protection.

Axial Skeleton

Comprises the skull, vertebral column (C1-Coccyx), ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes all bones except for those in the axial skeleton.

Fibrous Joint

A joint allowing virtually no movement, e.g., sutures of the skull.

Cartilaginous Joint

A joint that allows limited movement, e.g., intervertebral joints.

Synovial Joint

A joint allowing considerable movement, e.g., elbow, knees, shoulder.

Uniaxial Joint

Operates like a hinge and rotates about one axis, e.g., elbow, knee.

Biaxial Joint

Operates in two perpendicular axes, e.g., ankle.

Multiaxial Joint

Allows movement in all three axes, e.g., shoulder, hip.

Vertebral Column

Composed of vertebral bones separated by flexible disks allowing for movement.

Motor Unit

Consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

Epimysium

The outer layer of connective tissue surrounding more than 430 skeletal muscles.

Perimysium

Surrounds each fasciculus, or group of muscle fibers.

Endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Sliding-Filament Theory

The mechanism of muscle contraction involving the interaction of myosin and actin filaments.

All-or-None Principle

When stimulated, all muscle fibers in a motor unit contract simultaneously.

Fused Tetanus

A state when a muscle locks up, such as during cramping.

Unfused Tetanus

A condition where a muscle twitches slightly for a brief period after exercise.

Calcium and ATP

Essential for crossbridge cycling with actin and myosin filaments.

SA Node

The natural pacemaker of the heart, crucial for regulating heartbeat.

Cervical vertebrae

Neck region, 7 vertebrae (C1, C2)

Thoracic vertebrae

Number of vertebrae in the upper back: 12

Lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae (L4-L5) located in the lower back.

Sacral vertebrae

makes up rear of pelvis. Has 5 vertebrae

Coccygeal vertebrae

A form vestigial tail extending down from the pelvis. Contains 3-5 vertebrae

Action Potential

 The discharge of an _______  from a motor nerve signals the release of  Ca2+  from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum  into the myofibril, causing tension development in muscle.

Resting phase, Excitation–contraction coupling phase, Contraction phase, Recharge phase, Relaxation phase

Sliding-filament theory of muscular contraction IN ORDER

actin and myosin

The number of crossbridges that are formed between ___ and ______ at any instant in time dictates the force production of a muscle.

 Calcium and  ATP

___ and _____ are necessary for crossbridge cycling with actin and myosin filaments

number of muscle fibers

The extent of control of a muscle depends on the _____ within motor unit

1 junction; 100’s or junctions

Muscles that function with great precision may have as few as _______.

Muscles that require less precision may have several _____

All-or-none principle:

All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time. There is no evidence that a motor neuron stimulus causes only some of the fibers to contract. Similarly, a stronger action potential cannot produce a stronger contraction

Unfused Tetanus

When after exercise a muscle twitches slightly for a brief period of time

Fused Tetnaus:

When a muscles locks up, ex: a cramp

Sa Node

Natural pacemaker of the heart

Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve

Aortic valve and pulmonary valve

What are the heart valves

Av Node

Sends the signals to the rest the the body

Cardiac Conduction

Rhythmicity and conduction properties of myocardium

Influenced by cardiovascular center of medulla

Bradycardia:

HR Less than 60 BPM

Tachycardia

HR More than 100 BPM

Electrocardiogram(EKG/ECG)

records all heart electrical activity at the surface of the body.

Blood vessels

close circuit systems (if u get cut in a in this you will bleed out)

The Arterial system

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

The Venous system:

Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Hemoglobin

transports oxygen in the blood and serves as an acid–base buffer. These are inside RBC.

Red Blood Cells:

facilitates carbon dioxide removal

To exchange O2 and CO2

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

expansion and recoil of the lungs.

The amount and movement of air and expired gases in and out of the lungs are controlled by the _______________ This is controlled by the diaphragm.

Biomechanics

The mechanisms through which components(muscles, tendons, ligaments) interact to create movement

Agonist 

The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement; also called the prime mover.

Antagonist

A muscle that can slow down or stop the movement.

Synergist

A muscle that assists indirectly in a movement

Mechanical advantage

The ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts.

Skeletal musculature:

A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move.

Origin

Proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment.

Insertion

Distal (away from the center of the body) attachment.

First-class lever

the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum

Second-class lever

the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum,

third-class lever

the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts.

Concentric muscle action

A muscle action where the muscle shortens, contracts, and the forces generated within the muscle are greater than the external forces.

Eccentric muscle action

A muscle action where the muscle lengthens under tension, and the forces generated within the muscle are less than the external forces.

Isometric Contraction

A muscle action in which the muscle length does not change, because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it are equal to the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.

Isokinetic Contraction

A muscle action where the muscle contracts at a constant velocity.Specialized equipment is typically required to maintain this constant speed throughout the range of motion.

Isotonic Contraction

A muscle action where muscle tension remains constant while the muscle lengthens or shortens.This term often refers to dynamic movements where the load is relatively constant, although true constant tension is rare in most exercises.

Anatomical Reference Point

The body is erect, the arms are down at the sides, and the palms face forward.

Sagittal Plane

Slices the body into left–right sections.

Frontal Plane

Slices the body into front–back sections.

Transverse/Longitudinal Plane

Slices the body into upper–lower sections.

Strength

The capacity to exert force at any given speed.

Acceleration

The change in velocity per unit of time. Associated with resistive force by Newton’s second law Mass\times Acceleration

Power

The time rate of doing work, often called "explosive strength" = work x time

Positive Work

Force exerted on an object and the distance it travels (Work = Force \times Displacement).

Negative Work

Occurs during an eccentric contraction.

Fluid Resistance

The resistive force encountered by an object moving through a fluid (liquid or gas), or by a fluid moving past or around an object or through an opening.

Valsalva Maneuver

The glottis is closed, keeping air from escaping the lungs, and the muscles of the abdomen and rib cage contract, creating rigid compartments of liquid in the lower torso and air in the upper torso. Also known as "holding your breath to protect your organs."

neuron junctions

Neural control the force output. More _____ you have, the more you can control the muscle

Closer

When the weight is horizontally ______ to the joint, there are less resistance forces (making it easier)

farther

When the weight is horizontally _______ to a joint, there are more resistance forces (making it harder)

shoulder

The _______ is prone to injury during weight training because of its structure and the forces to which it is subjected.Warm up with relatively light weights. Follow a program that exercises the shoulders in a balanced way. Exercise at a controlled speed.

Knee

The____ is prone to injury because of its location between two long levers.

Elbows and wrists

The primary concern involves overhead lifts. However, the most common source of injury to these areas is from overhead sports such as throwing events or the tennis serve.

bioenergetics:

The flow of energy in a biological system; the conversion of macronutrients into biologically usable forms of energy. (eating)

catabolism:

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy. (breakdown of large molecules to small molecules)

anabolism:

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules; can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions. (Taking small molecules and building it up into large molecules)

exergonic reactions

Energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic. (breakin down)

endergonic reactions

Require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle. (building up)

metabolism

The total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions. (the basis of all energy in our body)

lactate threshold (LT)

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration.

Phosphagen system, Glycolysis, Oxidative system

Three basic energy systems/metabolic pathways exist in muscle cells to replenish ATP

Phosphagen system

Provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities (e.g., resistance training and sprinting) and is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity (all exercise starts in this system, can also be called the ATP-PCR system)

Creatine kinase

catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

phosphagen

The ______ system uses the creatine kinase

reaction to maintain the concentration of ATP.

It replenishes ATP rapidly

Glycolysis

The breakdown of carbohydrates—either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood—to resynthesize ATP

adenosine diphosphate

ADP

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD+, NADH

Krebbs Cycle

A central metabolic pathway in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-Coenzyme A (derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) to produce electron carriers (NADHNADH and FADH2FADH2​) for subsequent ATPATP generation in the electron transport chain, releasing CO2CO2​ as a byproduct.

anaerobic glycolysis (or fast glycolysis).

The end result of glycolysis is pyruvate may proceed in one of two directions: either Pyruvate can be converted to lactate. or ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate but is limited in duration. This process is sometimes called __________

two; three

Glycolysis from one molecule of blood glucose yields a net of ___ ATP molecules.

Glycolysis from muscle glycogen yields a net of ____ ATP molecules.